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Automated Writing Process Analysis
Published in Duanli Yan, André A. Rupp, Peter W. Foltz, Handbook of Automated Scoring, 2020
Many digital writing tools provide support for collaborative writing. As word processing technologies have matured, typical offerings have come to include the ability to track text changes, approve or reject proposed changes, and put comments on the text. Some technologies such as Google Docs directly support simultaneous editing by a group of collaborators, which has made it attractive as a classroom tool for project-based learning (Chu, Kennedy, & Mak, 2009) and collaborative writing (Blau & Caspi, 2009). In addition, many online learning-support systems include tools that enable peer review as well as teacher review. Peer review plays a critical role in improving student writing performance (Graham & Perin, 2007). Moreover, it can readily be measured in an online system where hundreds or thousands student reviews and peer evaluations can be compared and analyzed (Cho & MacArthur, 2010; Moxley & Eubanks, 2015).
Studios and their facilities
Published in Michael Talbot-Smith, Audio Engineer's Reference Book, 2012
Many systems exist for digital editing, ranging from audio versions of simple video editors to sophisticated systems, utilizing large amounts of hard disk storage and including comprehensive digital mixing facilities. In a commercial operation the time saving brought about by down-loading the programme material on to hard disk, for editing, can be a significant factor in the cost of editing a complex production. Some systems allow simultaneous editing of one production while another is being down-loaded. The ability to locate any point in the programme material virtually instantly has both economic and artistic advantages. In the simpler tape-based systems the waiting time while tape winds, shuttles and finally locates the desired edit point, can be tedious. The hard-disk-based system provides additional flexibility, such as the ability to instantly change the running order of items in an album. Cross-fades of any desired length can be effected. `Impossible' edits can be produced, using visual waveform assistance. Digital noise reduction can be applied to existing material, with special software for click and other unwanted noise removal – comprehensive restoration of archive material for reissue becomes possible. Real-time sampling rate conversion during downloading can be undertaken. Edit decision lists can be generated. Digital editing is not confined to twochannel operation, although the bulk of work is in this format.
Studios and their facilities
Published in Michael Talbot-Smith, Audio Engineer's Reference Book, 2013
Malcolm Nelson, Peter Harris, Larry Goodson, John Howell, Peter Jackson, Geoff Atkins, Yasmin Hashmi, Tim Robinson
Many systems exist for digital editing, ranging from audio versions of simple video editors to sophisticated systems, utilizing large amounts of hard disk storage and including comprehensive digital mixing facilities. In a commercial operation the time saving brought about by down-loading the programme material on to hard disk, for editing, can be a significant factor in the cost of editing a complex production. Some systems allow simultaneous editing of one production while another is being down-loaded. The ability to locate any point in the programme material virtually instantly has both economic and artistic advantages. In the simpler tape-based systems the waiting time while tape winds, shuttles and finally locates the desired edit point, can be tedious.
Designing for interpersonal motor synchronization
Published in Human–Computer Interaction, 2022
Michal Rinott, Noam Tractinsky
Temporality plays an important role in computer-mediated communication (CMC). A traditional distinction between CMC tools (e.g., Walther, 2011) relates to their temporal usage. Synchronous CMC enables parties to communicate simultaneously in real-time, like a co-present conversation; asynchronous tools enable (or constrain) participants to interact with each other with a time lag, using media such as text and recorded audio and video (Nowak et al., 2017). Recent developments blur these boundaries, providing support for synchronous communication even within predominantly asynchronous tools. For example, while instant messaging and chat environments are fundamentally a-synchronous, they are often used for near real-time text-based conversations. Shared document editors, code versioning, and other project management software are a-synchronous but provide increasing support for synchronous use, for example, Google Docs allows simultaneous editing of a document, displaying the editing partner’s actions in real-time and adding tools for real-time communication.