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Photovoltaic Systems and Applications
Published in Radian Belu, Fundamentals and Source Characteristics of Renewable Energy Systems, 2019
Another serious problem affecting the PV module, panel or array performances is the PV cells’ mismatch. Mismatch losses are caused by the interconnection of solar cells or modules which do not have identical properties or which experience different conditions from one another. Mismatch losses are a serious problem in PV modules and arrays under some conditions because the output of the entire PV module under worst case conditions is determined by the solar cell with the lowest output. For example, when one solar cell is shaded while the remainder PV cells in the module are not, the power being generated by the un-shaded (good ones) PV cells can be dissipated by the lower performance cell rather than powering the load. This in turn can lead to highly localized power dissipation and the resultant local heating may cause irreversible damage to the PV module. The impact and power loss due to mismatch depend on: (a) the operating point of the PV module, (b) the circuit configuration, and (c) the parameter (or parameters) which are different from the remainder of the solar cells that are in good operating conditions. The output of a PV module can be reduced dramatically when even a small portion of it is shaded. Unless special efforts are made to compensate for shade problems, even a single shaded cell in a long string of cells can easily cut output power by more than half.
Mounting Structure
Published in Majid Jamil, M. Rizwan, D. P. Kothari, Grid Integration of Solar Photovoltaic Systems, 2017
Majid Jamil, M. Rizwan, D. P. Kothari
When designing a PV system that is tilted or ground-mounted, determining the appropriate spacing between each row is important. Further, it is also important to do it right the first time to avoid accidental shading from the modules that are ahead of each row. When designing a solar system, there is often the need to understand how long a shadow will be so that the row spacing between solar modules can be properly planned. Most locations for solar projects tend to get around 5 to 6 net sun-hours per day, so anything that obstructs that sunlight needs to be avoided at all costs. Shading just one corner of a module can cut production in half. This is mainly an issue on ground mounts and some flat roof mounts, where rows of solar panels need to be optimally spaced to best use the available space. With limited solar resources and steep penalties for failure, properly determining the correct shade spacing is a critical calculation in solar system design. The calculation of inter-row spacing can be understood with the help of Figures 8.5 and 8.6.
AI-based performance optimization of MPTT algorithms for photovoltaic systems
Published in Automatika, 2023
K. Gerard Joe Nigel, R. Rajeswari
Solar radiation, heat, and specific shade circumstances are just a few of the variables that greatly impact Photovoltaic panel performance. Power extracting improvement becomes a crucial problem because of the complex properties of photovoltaic modules and the periodic changing of certain ambient elements. The upper peak of such a power graph, the Maximal Power Peak (MPP), is where the Photovoltaic panel will run to achieve the highest translation effectiveness. The common working state of Power converters in grid-interconnected and off-grid PV installations is described as Maximal PowerPoint Tracing. Only for extremely rare circumstances, like in particular situations for islanded hybridized micro-grids at which energy generation surpasses overall loading requirement as well as storing solutions have been not present, seems to be the Photovoltaic panel controlled at a reduced level than MPP utilizing the Restricted Power Point Tracing (RPPT) method.
A non-puzzle based interconnection scheme for energy savings and income generation from partially shaded photovoltaic modules
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Namani Rakesh, Senthilkumar Subramaniam, Babu Natarajan, Malavya Udugula
The proposed SAT has been explained by using a flow chart, as given in Figure 2. The logic behind the proposed SAT has been developed to achieve the objectives of the reconfiguration techniques as follows: (i) Minimization of maximum mismatches in row currents, (ii) Maximization of minimum row current, (iii) Maximum power enhancement, (iv) Less wiring line losses, and (v) More energy savings and income generation. The analysis and the performance calculations are given in Table 1, and the same has been validated with the proposed SAT. The shade on PV array has been identified, analyzed, and the PV panels are renumbered for enhancing the maximum power generation under partially shaded conditions. To understand the implementation of the SAT, the illustration is given for 3 × 3 PV array with different irradiation levels, as shown in Figure 3.