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Project Management Process
Published in Abdul Razzak Rumane, Risk Management Applications Used to Sustain Quality in Projects, 2023
Heat stroke is a serious medical condition that urgently requires medical attention in which sweating stops, which makes the skin hot and dry. Body temperature is very high (105 F. and rising). Symptoms of heat stroke are mental confusion, delirium, that is disordered speech, chills, dizziness, strong fast pulse, loss of consciousness, convulsions or coma, a body temperature of 105 degrees F or higher, and hot, dry skin that may be red or bluish. Remember, heat stroke is a medical emergency since brain damage and death are possible. Until medical help arrives, move the victim to a cool place. Call Emergency telephone number for help such as 9–9–9 or 1–1–0 or 9–1–1. You must use extreme caution when soaking clothing or applying water to a victim. Shock may occur if done too quickly with very cold water. Use a fan or ice packs. Douse or sprinkle the body continuously with a cool liquid and summon medical help.
Thermal Stressors
Published in W. David Yates, Safety Professional’s Reference and Study Guide, 2020
Heat stroke is considered a MEDICAL EMERGENCY! It occurs when the body’s temperature regulation system fails, and sweating becomes inadequate or stops entirely. Without treatment, death or brain damage is almost certain. The signs and symptoms of heat stroke include chills; restlessness; irritability; mental confusion; euphoria; red face; disorientation; hot, dry skin; sweating stops; erratic behavior; collapse; shivering; unconsciousness; convulsions; and a core body temperature greater than 104°F. The major cause of heat stroke is excessive workloads in hot environments. To prevent heat stroke, persons should acclimate themselves to the environment, lead a healthy lifestyle, adhere to an appropriate work/rest cycle, drink plenty of fluids, maintain a proper diet, and self-determine the amount and length of heat stress exposure they can take.
Personal Protective Equipment, First Aid, and Thermal Hazards
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Kathern Welsh, Safe Work Practices for Wastewater Treatment Plants, 2018
Frank R. Spellman, Kathern Welsh
Heat stroke occurs when the body’s system of temperature regulation fails and body temperature rises to critical levels. This condition is caused by a combination of highly variable factors, and its occurrence is difficult to predict. Heat stroke is very dangerous and should be dealt with immediately because it can be fatal. The primary signs and symptoms of heat stroke are confusion; irrational behavior; loss of consciousness; convulsions; a lack of sweating (usually); hot, dry skin; and an abnormally high body temperature. A victim of heat stroke will have a rectal temperature of 104.5°F or higher, and it typically will continue to climb. If a worker shows signs of possible heat stroke, professional medical treatment should be obtained immediately. The worker should be placed in a shady area and the outer clothing should be removed. The worker’s skin should be wetted, and air movement around the worker should be increased to improve evaporative cooling until professional methods of cooling can be initiated and the seriousness of the condition assessed. Fluids should be replaced as soon as possible. The medical outcome of an episode of heat stroke depends on the victim’s physical fitness and on the timing and effectiveness of first aid treatment.
Technical textiles for military applications
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2020
R. G Revaiah, T. M. Kotresh, Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
Heat Stroke: It is the most serious and deadliest of heat related illness (EHI) and a medical emergency occurs when core body temperature is above 40 °C (Gaudio & Grissom, 2016). Heat stroke can lead to multiorgan damage with haemorrhage and necrosis in the lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, brain and gut (Grogan & Hopkins, 2002) due to hyperthermia. Heat stroke necessitates medical emergency treatment. All necessary means of cooling should be performed; spraying cold water, fanning etc., to bring the temperature down (Chan & Mamat, 2015). Non-availability medical care may result in mortality. The use of sodium dantrolene for heat stroke victims has shown good reduction in mortality rates, which is still debated by many (Hadad, Cohen-Sivan, Heled, & Epstein, 2004). Clinical diagnosis and treatment of heat stroke has been recently reviewed by Hifumi, Kondo, Shimizu, and Miyake (2018).
Evaluation of heat stress and heat strain among employees working outdoors in an extremely hot environment
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2018
Mark Methner, Judith Eisenberg
The body's response to heat stress is called heat strain. Heat strain manifests as a spectrum of signs and symptoms referred to as heat-related illness (HRI). HRI includes heat exhaustion, heat rash, heat cramps, and heat stroke (exertional and classical/non-exertional). In addition, engaging in strenuous physical activities in these environments increases the potential for inducing heat strain. Heat strain is highly individualized and the form of HRI it may manifest as cannot be predicted on the basis of environmental heat stress measurements alone. HRI is a leading cause of work-related fatalities. Heat stroke experienced in occupational settings is typically exertional in nature. In a 15-year period (1992–2006), it was the cause of 423 workplace fatalities nationwide.[2] Heat stroke, whether it be exertional or classical, is the most severe form of HRI and is a medical emergency that can quickly become fatal. Heat stroke results in a change of mental status while in a hot environment and can manifest as confusion, bizarre behavior, or seizures. As a result, there may be an increased risk of accidents related to impaired mental status if employees with early, unrecognized heat stroke continue working in a hot environment.
Heat strain of Japanese firefighters wearing personal protective equipment: a review for developing a test method
Published in Ergonomics, 2023
Yutaka Tochihara, Joo-Young Lee, Su-Young Son, Ilham Bakri
The last issue for developing a new test method for Japanese firefighters is measurement items. ISO-9886 (2004) introduces the following physiological measurements to evaluate thermal strain: body core temperature, skin temperatures, heart rate, and body mass loss. Obtaining an accurate assessment of body core temperature is essential for diagnosing exertional heat stroke. In general, temperatures inside the oesophagus, rectum, gastro-intestinal track, mouth, tympanum, or auditory canal are considered as indications of body core temperature. Each measurement has its pros and cons. Taylor, Tipton, and Kenny (2014) reviewed the measurements of body core temperatures. For wearing heavy PPE including a helmet, recording rectal, auditory canal or gastro-intestinal temperatures is feasible. Some researchers consider a temperature bias (i.e., a difference between rectal temperature and the other internal body sites) greater than ±0.27 °C to invalidate measurement during exercising for hyperthermic individuals (Casa et al. 2007; Morrissey et al. 2021). An interesting study from a methodological viewpoint is Lee, Wakabayashi, et al. (2010). In this study, we examined differences in rectal temperatures measured at depths of 4–19 cm from the anal sphincter during exercise, and suggested a 16-cm depth for adult males, while previously at least 10-cm, typically 10 − 15 cm, was recommended (ISO-9886 2004). Takahashi et al. (2012) estimated rectal temperature based on infra-red tympanic temperature (auditory canal temperature) workers wearing protective clothing in nuclear facilities. Bakri and Tochihara (2016) discussed the time courses of rectal and auditory canal temperatures during exercise at absolute and relative exercise intensities. It is known that auditory canal temperature can be affected by ambient air temperature. However, for those wearing PPE in hot environments, auditory canal temperature reflects changes in body heat more rapidly than rectal temperature during changes from one experimental phase to another, for example from rest to esercise and vise-versa (Lee et al. 2011; Bakri and Tochihara 2016; Seol et al. 2021). In line with Taylor, Tipton, and Kenny (2014) and Seol et al. (2021), single measurements of rectal temperature are not recommended due to its delay, especially during recovery. The delay in rectal temperature after exercise and during recovery could be a good indicator of heat strain in hot environments. However, rectal temperature reflects more leg exercise than the brain temperature during severe exercise, while the brain temperature can be more closely estimated by the auditory cananl temperature of firefighters who wear fire hoods and protective helmets under heat stress. In this context, we recommend simultaneously measuring auditory canal and rectal temperatures of subjects wearing semi-permeable or impermeable PPE with a helmet (or a protective hood) in hot environments. However, it should be emphasised that auditory canal temperature might be easily reflected by air temperature or air flow even though the head is insulated by protective hoods or helmets.