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Energy Storage and Transmission
Published in Robert Ehrlich, Harold A. Geller, John R. Cressman, Renewable Energy, 2023
Robert Ehrlich, Harold A. Geller, John R. Cressman
A superconducting magnetic energy storage system (SMES) consists of the coil of wire, a refrigeration unit, and a power conditioning system to convert AC power from an outside source to the DC needed to create the magnetic field. The only losses in the charge and discharge cycle involve the 5% loss in the power conditioning unit, since there are no losses in the superconducting coil, making the overall efficiency per cycle 95%. SMES has some unique advantages over other energy storage systems aside from its high efficiency, including a very short time delay during charge and discharge and no moving parts, meaning that reliability and lifetime are both very good. The main application to date has been to maintain power quality, where fast response times are essential. A large SMES is capable of supplying 20 MWh of energy—say 10 MW for 2 h or more power for shorter times. SMES is probably not a technology suitable for small-scale applications, given the high costs associated with making wire out of superconducting materials, the expensive refrigeration units, and the costs of providing power to them—factors which are mainly responsible for its fairly limited use to date.
Energy Storage
Published in David A. Cardwell, David C. Larbalestier, Aleksander I. Braginski, Handbook of Superconductivity, 2022
Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) systems store energy in the form of magnetic field according to Ampere law. The energy storage is achieved by inducing DC electric current into a coil made of superconducting wire. The cables are generally made of Niobium–Titanium (NbTi) filaments of nearly zero resistance that operate at very low temperatures. With the current-carrying capacity as high as kA levels, NbTi alloy can sustain more than 10 T magnetic fields when it is cooled below 10 Kelvin. SMES system have a fast response to change of energy flow, which provides load levelling, regulating grid stability and frequency shifting during outages in power distribution systems [7, 44–48]. SMES may have efficiency as high as 95% and as opposed to the batteries given in Table H1.8.1, quick response within milliseconds level, creating an advantage of very short time delay during either charge or discharge process. Reducing refrigeration and cost of superconducting wires tend to increase the use of SMES systems, which are practical for short duration of energy storage.
Smart Energy Resources: Supply and Demand
Published in Stuart Borlase, Smart Grids, 2018
Stuart Borlase, Sahand Behboodi, Thomas H. Bradley, Miguel Brandao, David Chassin, Johan Enslin, Christopher McCarthy, Stuart Borlase, Thomas Bradley, David P. Chassin, Johan Enslin, Gale Horst, Régis Hourdouillie, Salman Mohagheghi, Casey Quinn, Julio Romero Aguero, Aleksandar Vukojevic, Bartosz Wojszczyk, Eric Woychik, Alex Zheng, Daniel Zimmerle
SMES stores energy in the magnetic field that is created due to the flow of DC in a superconducting coil. The coil has been cooled cryogenically to below its superconducting critical temperature. SMES consists of three parts: bidirectional AC/DC inverter system, superconducting coil, and cryogenically cooled refrigerator. DC charges the superconducting coil, and when the coil is charged, it stores magnetic energy until it is released. This energy is released by discharging the coil. Bidirectional inverter is used to convert AC to DC power and vice versa during the coil charging/discharging cycles. The cost of SMES is high today because of its superconducting wires and refrigeration energy use, and its main use is for reducing the loading during the peak times.
HHO-based Model Predictive Controller for Combined Voltage and Frequency Control Problem Including SMES
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Vineet Kumar, Veena Sharma, R. Naresh
SMES stores energy in the field created by the flow of current in a cryogenically cooled superconducting coil. SMES is a novel approach for storing electricity from the grid using a superconducting coil with approximately zero magnetic energy loss. It can store and discharge a large amount of electrical power instantaneously during the sudden load changes to maintain the real power balance [33]. The SMES uses a power electronic device to connect the superconducting coil to the ac power grid. The inductor voltage of SMES coil () is continuously controlled through an input signal to control the charging and discharging process of the SMES. Traditionally, frequency error signal has been taken as the input to the SMES device, but as suggested in the recent literature the control signal has been taken as the input signal () in this work. is the initial value of the inductor current (), which varies according to the coil voltage (), as given in Equation (6) [34]. The expression for is given in Equation (7), it is the change in output real power from the SMES, which is fed to the grid. Figure 3 demonstrates the transfer function modelling of the SMES.
An Extensive Review of the Configurations, Modeling, Storage Technologies, Design Parameters, Sizing Methodologies, Energy Management, System Control, and Sensitivity Analysis Aspects of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2023
Pawan Kumar Kushwaha, Chayan Bhattacharjee
Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) consists of a refrigeration unit, power conditioning equipment, and a superconducting magnetic coil. The energy is stored in the superconducting coil’s magnetic field produced by DC flow. To fulfill the magnetic coil’s superconducting qualities, the SMES coil is kept at superconductive temperature. SMES efficiency is high. Excess AC power is transformed into DC and stored in SMES. SMES has a low switching time (17 milliseconds) and high efficiency (98%). A coil with a diameter of 1000 m is adequate for a 1000 MW–5 hr SMES plant, while a coil with a diameter of 1 m is ideal for a 1 MW–1 sec module. High cost and environmental concerns (high-magnetic field) are the two most significant barriers to the widespread adoption of SMES as HRES storage [19, 63, 65].
Adaptive Neuro Sliding Mode Control of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage System
Published in Smart Science, 2023
Zahid Afzal Thoker, Shameem Ahmad Lone
SMES is a fast-acting and high power density device that can bring a power balance whenever load or wind power disturbances occur. In the schematic diagram shown in Figure 2, the SMES coil is connected to the AC bus through a converter and a step-down transformer. The power is stored in a superconducting material-based dc magnetic coil with an almost zero rate of self-discharge. The converter ensures an ac/dc power conversion between the magnetic coil of SMES and the power system. The voltage across the coil varies over the given range of positive and negative values by controlling the firing angle of the converter.