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Quantum Information Processes
Published in Thiruselvan Subramanian, Archana Dhyani, Adarsh Kumar, Sukhpal Singh Gill, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Blockchain in Quantum Satellite, Drone and Network, 2023
B.S. Tewari, P. Mandal, Prashant Rawat
Unlike, and in contrast to the classical computers, the memory units for quantum computers have been one of the main concerns for scientists and engineers. Yet another point of concern has been the process of computation itself, due to the involvement of many quantum-based phenomena. A two-level quantum system can be considered for quantum computing, in analogy to the classical computation based on bits. This system produces a two-valued quantum variable, commonly known as qubits (quantum bits) with its eigenvalues labelled as |0> and |1>. These |0> and |1> resemble the classical bits ‘0’ and ‘1’. The difference between a classical bit and a qubit is that a classical bit possesses a pure discrete value, while a quantum bit or qubit is a quantum state and can also be represented as a superposition of two states. A qubit can generally be represented by the state {a0|0> + a1|1>}, where a0 and a1 are coefficients, which are complex in nature and normalized to 1. Thus, besides the two discrete eigenstates, a qubit can be in any possible state of a continuous range of superposition states based on those two discrete states. Hence, an infinite number of states are possible to a qubit, out of which only two states are linearly independent or orthogonal in nature. This is the primary difference between classical and quantum memory units.
Quantum Number
Published in Shashi Bhushan, Manoj Kumar, Pramod Kumar, Renjith V. Ravi, Anuj Kumar Singh, Holistic Approach to Quantum Cryptography in Cyber Security, 2023
Classical error correction method applies redundancy concept, that is, suppose the information is stored multiple items employing redundancy concept. In other words, suppose information is stored multiple times, and there is a mismatch in it, then the majority of things get hidden whereas in the case of quantum information copying is impossible due to the no-cloning theorem, thereby presenting a major challenge for formulating quantum error correction theory [1,2]. In this regard, Peter Shor discovered the method of formulating a quantum error correction code by storing the information of one qubit on to a highly entangled state of nine qubits. Traditional mistake adjustment strategy applies a repetition concept. All in all, assume data is put away on numerous occasions, and there is a befuddle among them; at that point a greater part of option is performed whereas on account of quantum data duplicating is unthinkable because of the no-cloning hypothesis, thereby introducing a significant test for detailing quantum blunder amendment hypothesis in such a situation. Peter Shor found the technique for defining a quantum mistake revision code by putting away the data of one qubit on to a profoundly caught condition of nine qubits.
Quantum-Inspired Multi-Objective NSGA-II Algorithm for Automatic Clustering of Gray Scale Images
Published in Siddhartha Bhattacharyya, Mario Köppen, Elizabeth Behrman, Ivan Cruz-Aceves, Hybrid Quantum Metaheuristics, 2022
Siddhartha Bhattacharyya, Mario Köppen, Elizabeth Behrman, Ivan Cruz-Aceves
In recent years, quantum computing, a new computational paradigm has been invented by Deutsch and Feynman [21][32] in 1982, which utilizes the fundamental principles, viz., quantum bits or qubits, superposition, and entanglement, of quantum mechanics for performing any calculation. Unlike classical computer, a quantum computer uses quantum bits qubit as a basic computational unit. A single qubit may have any one of the three states, viz., |1〉, |0〉 or any superposition state of these two states, at the same time [21]. The state of a qubit can be represented as |Ψ〉=α|0〉+β|1〉
The unified effect of data encoding, ansatz expressibility and entanglement on the trainability of HQNNs
Published in International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, 2023
Muhammad Kashif, Saif Al-Kuwari
The observed behavior of the role of entanglement can be attributed to the inherent characteristics of amplitude and angle encoding in quantum circuits, as well as the impact of entanglement on qubit correlations. Amplitude encoding involves representing the input data as the amplitudes of a quantum state, where the amplitudes of the quantum state are modified by the quantum gates in the circuit, and the final measurement outcome is determined by the probabilities of observing different states. On the other hand, angle encoding represents the input data as the rotation angles of quantum gates. Also, entanglement plays a crucial role in quantum circuits by enabling qubits to share correlations and exhibit non-classical behavior. In entangled circuits, the states of different qubits become interdependent, allowing the manipulation of one qubit to affect the states of others.
Brain Tumour Classification Using Quantum Support Vector Machine Learning Algorithm
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Tarun Kumar, Dilip Kumar, Gurmohan Singh
Quantum computing offers a different perspective on information processing. Unlike classical computers, which are constructed by physically implementing two states i.e. 1 and 0, quantum computers operate using quantum states and their linear combinations [5]. The fundamental unit of representing information in quantum systems is referred to as Quantum-bit (Qubit). Quantum computers gained the power to manipulate and handle multiple states simultaneously from the quantum mechanic principle of superposition and entanglement [6]. Computations executed by following the laws of quantum mechanics are generally called quantum computing. Quantum computing offers the manipulation of information with the help of quantum algorithms/circuits [6,7].
A Novel Heuristic Method for Linear Nearest Neighbour Realization of Reversible Circuits
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Anirban Bhattacharjee, Chandan Bandyopadhyay, Hafizur Rahaman
The evolution of quantum computing introduces a new concept of information units referred to as qubits which differ from its analogue “bit” used in classical computing. To process these quantum information units, quantum circuits are implemented that modify the states of qubits through a primitive quantum gate sequence. These qubit states can be realized as photonic spin states (horizontal and vertical) or as electronic spin states (up and down). Contrary to bits, qubits can exist in more than one state at a time, which can be represented as a linear combination of the basis states| and | through a state vector |ϵ as |ϵ = α|+β| where α and β are the complex numbers, indicating the probabilities of the basis states | and |, satisfying the constraint |α|2+|β|2 = 1; and these basis states are equivalent to 0 and 1 in Boolean logic.