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Simulating Smart Grid Cyber Security
Published in Hussein T. Mouftah, Melike Erol-Kantarci, Smart Grid, 2017
Abdul Razaq, Huaglory Tianfield, Bernardi Pranggono, Hong Yue
SCADA devices are real-time or non-real-time small-computer systems that each manipulates its electrical outputs based on the condition of electrical input signals and program logic [2]. These controllers are usually connected to devices such as pumps, valves, drives (motors), thermometers, and tachometers. SCADA devices manage simple-to-complex systems, from a few to thousands of nodes. These systems are capable of interacting with components in real time or near-real time. Timely response to initiated request is very important because any delay in operation can result in drastic events. Measuring local signals of short-circuit relays is considered between 4 and 40 ms for immediate response to the local grid. Such systems are widespread in utility industries including water, gas, and electricity and play a vital role to automate and monitor geographically dispersed sites. Historically, individual companies developed their own proprietary hardware and operating software based on various vendors. Interoperability was often not a requirement, which made security least important as these devices were meant to operate in confined and closed networks [3].
Design and validation of a simple automated optical step counting method for treadmill walking
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2018
Joseph M. Mahoney, Zackery E. Scalyer, Matthew B. Rhudy
Consumers are given a summary of their daily activity and shown trends over time. However, for a researcher or “prosumer,” the raw data are needed for deeper analysis. Commercial devices (e.g. Fitbit, Apple Health and Actigraph) typically use proprietary hardware, software and algorithms. This prevents getting raw data from the device for processing using third-party methods. Furthermore, assessment of the accuracy of the devices is difficult as the step counting methods are hidden.