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Machine Arithmetic
Published in Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton, Software Solutions for Engineers and Scientists, 2018
Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton
The central processor used in all PC models is a microprocessor designed and manufactured by Intel Corporation. The original IBM PC, released in 1981, used the Intel 8088 CPU. Later various versions and upgrades of the 8088 chip were used in other IBM and IBM-compatible machines. In summary: the 8088 CPU is found in the PC, PC XT, and PCjr. The 8086 is used in the PS/2 Model 25 and Model 30; the 80286 in the PC AT, the PS/2 Model 50 and Model 60, and in some PS/1 machines. The 80386 is found in the PS/2 Model 70, Model 70P, and Model 80, as well as in IBM-compatible machines of that same generation. The 486 was first offered as an upgrade for the PS/2 Model 70 A-21, and as standard equipment in the Model 56, Model 57, Model 76, Model 90, and Model 95. The first IBM machines equipped with the Pentium CPU are the PS/2 Model 9595 Server and the Value Point Models 6384-189 and 6384-199. Hundreds of models of IBM-compatible microcomputers also use the Pentium, Pentium Pro, and Pentium III, Pentium IV, and P5. Since all of these processors, from the 8088 to the P5, share many common features, at times we will refer to them generically as the Intel 80x86 family. We mention the specific microprocessors when referring to features that are unique to a particular chip.
The emergence of information technology: A state of practice report
Published in F.B.J. Barends, J. Lindenberg, H.J. Luger, L. de Quelerij, A. Verruijt, Geotechnical Engineering for Transportation Infrastructure, 2017
Computers small and inexpensive enough to be purchased by individuals for use in their homes first became feasible in the 1970s, when large-scale integration made it possible to construct a sufficiently powerful microprocessor on a single semiconductor chip. The personal computer industry began in 1977, when Apple Computer, introduced the Apple II, one of the first pre-assembled, mass-produced personal computers. Radio Shack and Commodore Business Machines also introduced personal computers that year. In 1981, IBM introduced the Personal Computer, or IBM PC. The IBM PC became the world’s most popular personal computer, and both its microprocessor, the Intel 8088, and its operating system, which was adapted from the Microsoft Corporation’s MS-DOS system, became industry standards.
New Technology and the Future
Published in Ervan Garrison, A History of Engineering and Technology Artful Methods, 2018
H. Eberhard Roberts invented the first hand-held calculator and the first PC in the 1970s. Roberts built the Altair 8800 which led to $20 million in sales by 1977. Roberts gave Bill Gates his first job in 1975. Roberts sold his company and entered medical school in 1977. Roberts did not use the 4004 or its successor, the 8008 in the Altair. He used the third iteration of the 4004, the 8-bit, 64 KB 8080 — 80X the speed of the 8008 — for his PC. The 8080 was developed by Intel in 1974. Faggin had managed the 8080 development. The first IBM PC used the 8088 chip.9
The input efficiency of chord keyboards
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2018
According to Fitts’ law, the time required to move an object (e.g., a finger or a computer cursor) to a target (such as a button on a keyboard or a link on a computer screen) is a function of the target’s size and the distance of the object from it. The model has been mathematically formulated in various ways and has been widely adopted in numerous research areas, including kinematics, human factors and human–computer interaction (HCI). The chorded key concept employed in this study was developed based on Fitts’ law with the aim being to lessen the moving distance required of fingers during keyboard operation and to significantly reduce the keyboard size, in addition to providing intuitive tactile, positioning and response characteristics for the fingers. Chord inputs can be made by pressing several keys at the same time, much as one plays a ‘chord’ on a piano by pressing several keys simultaneously; a well known example of a chord input would be the ‘Ctrl–Alt–Delete’ command used on IBM PC compatible computers. By placing multiple characters on individual keys, a keyboard using chorded keys can be substantially reduced in size and, thus, require users’ fingers to travel shorter distances during input operations.
Examination of lean manufacturing systems by simulation technique in apparel industry
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2021
Rajakumar et al. (2005) developed a new model to solve the assembly planning problem of a textile machine in a shop floor. Three different scheduling strategies – random, shortest processing time and longest processing time – are adopted for the selection of operations to be assigned to operators. Different combinations of these strategies are considered for the selection of both preceding and succeeding operations. A computer simulation program has been coded on an IBM/PC-compatible system in the C++ language to study the performance of real data from the shop floor.