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Characterization and Generation of Trees
Published in Michael Pecht, Placement and Routing of Electronic modules, 2020
Yeun Tsun Wong, Guoqing Li, Pecht Michael
In high-speed circuitry, such as that encountered in advanced computer equipment using ECL technology, signals often must propagate with a common propagation time or with a relatively longer (or shorter) propagation time than other signals, or propagate within a certain time limit of other signals to avoid electrical race conditions. In micro-wave circuitry, transmission line effects must also be considered. In some cases, the lengths and shapes of edges (or paths) are specified. In general, an edge or path can be routed according to one of the following requirements: The length of an edge or a path is bounded by or within a specified length (Figures 2.8 and 2.9). The specified length may be a set value or another connection. The bound may be a minimum, a maximum or a range around another value.The shape of an edge is specified or the shapes of two edges or two paths in a tree are matched (matched pair) (Figure 2.10).
Data Communication
Published in Sunit Kumar Sen, Fieldbus and Networking in Process Automation, 2017
Latency or time delay is another very important characteristic in message transmission via a transmission link. Latency refers to the time taken by an entire message to reach the destination via various links. There are several components in latency: propagation time, transmission time, queuing time, and processing time. Thus, latency is the sum of all these delays taken together. The less the delay in transmission for a message, the better the system is. Propagation time is the time needed by a single bit to reach the destination from the source. It is measured by dividing the distance by the speed of the medium through which propagation is taking place. Transmission time is the time between the first bit leaving the sender and the last bit of the message to reach the destination. It is defined as the message size divided by the bandwidth. Queuing time is a variable one and depends on the load or traffic through which the data/message has to pass. This is akin to a car taking more time covering a distance during day time when traffic is heavy, but takes much less time during morning when traffic is expectedly less. Message from the source to destination has to pass through different nodes. The nodes themselves are to cater to traffic from other sources that pass through them. Thus, depending on the en route traffic, there is always a variable delay for the message to reach the destination.
Reconfigurable Communication Infrastructure in the FCR
Published in Lev Kirischian, Reconfigurable Computing Systems Engineering, 2017
It is necessary to mention that on-chip organization of interconnects between PEs in the FCR may utilize PSM and PSEs. This combination can provide more flexibility in PE interconnection by using short communication lines for local interconnects between neighboring PEs and PSMs and long lines for data exchange between the PEs allocated relatively far from each other. The long lines play the role of highways in comparison to city streets. These long lines do not have many traffic lights as in the streets and therefore do not reduce the average speed of cars. Taking this analogy, it is possible to say that long lines do not have as many switching elements between communication nodes as short lines. Each pass transistor, however, adds its capacitance to the communication line and may change the direction of signal transfer. Thus, the complete impedance of the communication line is not static and depends on the number of switching points active at a time. The impedance of the line influences on signal propagation time between nodes. Thus, it influences on the speed of communication and finally on system performance. Hence, utilization of long lines for communication allows performance acceleration.
Ultra-Low Power 8-Transistor Modified Gate Diffusion Input Carbon Nano-Tube Field Effect Transistor Full Adder
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2021
Priyanka Tyagi, Sanjay Kumar Singh, Piyush Dua
The propagation delay of the circuit also has an impact on the number of tubes. The variation in the delay with respect to the number of tubes is shown in Figure 13. The delay reduces as the number of tubes increases. The less propagation time will enhance the efficiency of the circuit. For the proposed circuit 8 T MGDI CNTFET FA has 42.16ps delay at 10 nanotubes. It has optimized the value of the propagation time to achieve better performance. The PDP has an effect of the delay and power dissipation. As the number of tubes increases the PDP will decreases. The PDP variation of the Proposed 8 T MGDI CNTFET FA depends upon the number of tubes shown in Figure 14. The PDP of the proposed design is 82.63 × 10−21 joule when the numbers of the tubes is 10 under the CNTFET gate terminal.
Use of real time localization systems (RTLS) in the automotive production and the prospects of 5G – A literature review
Published in Production & Manufacturing Research, 2022
Christoph Küpper, Janina Rösch, Herwig Winkler
The signal propagation time is calculated by measuring the time between sending (t0) and receiving (t3) the signal. However, this also includes the processing time in the target object (between t1 and t2). Subtracting the processing time from the round-trip time and dividing the result by two yields the time of flight tf (see equation (5)). As before, the distance between the objects can be calculated by multiplying the speed of light. A drawback of using the RTT is that the response needs processing capabilities which can become a problem with high amounts of RTT inquiries (Guangyi Guo et al., 2019).