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Introduction
Published in Ya Cheng, Lithium Niobate Nanophotonics, 2021
Over the past half century, the advent and development of optical fiber communication technology has fostered a global optoelectronic network that has virtually allowed audio and/or video Communications between any individuals of nearly eight billion people anytime and anywhere. This miracle has created a unified human being society that represents an extremely complex system evolving into the largely unknown future. Within this system, those who can gather and process a large amount of information in a more efficient way can put themselves into a better position. The high demand in the ever-growing information transmission and processing rates call for the deployment of photonic integrated devices and systems into the fiber optic communication network. In addition, the photonic integrated circuits (PICs) have been considered as a potential technological platform for emerging applications such as big data, artificial intelligence, and quantum computation. In a nutshell, the transformation toward the next-generation information society requires photons to play the roles not only of information carriers but also of information processors.
Photonics Integrated Circuits for Coherent Optics
Published in Zhensheng Jia, Luis Alberto Campos, Coherent Optics for Access Networks, 2019
Wired optical access technologies of future will have to take full advantages of evolutions in the field of optics and photonics to support the exponential growth in demand for bandwidth. In the last decades, great progresses have been made to the integration of optical components on a single chip, also known as photonic integrated circuit (PIC). As of today, various material platforms have been adopted for photonics integration, each with their unique advantages as well as shortcomings. Among them, Silicon on Insulator (SOI) and III–V semiconductors (such as Indium-Phosphide (InP)) representing material platform workhorses deliver high-performance dense integration solutions fueling today’s high-bandwidth optical interconnects. This chapter reviews the state-of-the-art technologies and performance on the basis of the two material platforms and development roadmaps for applications in next-generation optical access networks.
Introduction
Published in Robert G. Hunsperger, Photonic Devices and Systems, 2017
Photonic devices are not always used as discrete elements of a photonic system, being interconnected by optical fiber waveguides or through-the-air lightwave beams. Instead, these devices can be integrated onto a single substrate in much the same way that electronic devices are combined to produce an electronic integrated circuit (IC). When photonic devices are integrated in this way we have a photonic integrated circuit (PIC), also called an optical integrated circuit (OIC) or optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC). In Chapter 9 the theory of photonic integrated circuits, together with examples of representative PICs are presented. Most of the device elements of a PIC, such as semiconductor lasers, modulators, and detectors, are described in earlier chapters of the book. Hence Chapter 9 focuses on the one new element that is found in the PIC, the integrated optical waveguide. A comprehensive theoretical description is developed for the two general classes of integrated waveguides, the planar waveguide and the channel waveguide. Waveguide curves, junctions, and couplers are all included. Design examples are used to illustrate the waveguide theory, and descriptive examples of functioning PICs are also provided.
Plasmonic Grating-Based Refractive Index Sensor with High Sensitivity
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Hardik Mathuriya, Rukhsar Zafar, Ghanshyam Singh
An optical filter is an integral part of any photonic integrated circuit. Lin et al. proposed multiple teeth-shaped plasmonic filters using MIM waveguide [13]. Also, Neutens et al. numerically and experimentally demonstrated filtering operation using plasmonic grating [14]. When it comes to the filtering operation, the quality factor and Full width at half maximum (FWHM) are critical parameters for performance measurement. Fano resonance is considered as one of the promising solutions for better filtering operation as it exhibits an asymmetrical response with very abrupt phase change [15, 16] and, therefore, it offers high-quality factor Q with narrow line-width (FWHM) [15]. Fano resonance is traditionally excited or observed in the region where the symmetry of the perfect photonic or plasmonic structure is marginally broken [15–17]. But, recently it is also reported that asymmetrical structure or symmetry breaking is not a necessary condition for Fano resonance. It will be observed in the region when there is interplay between dark (sub-radiant) mode and bright (super-radiant) mode i.e. Fano resonance is excited due to resonant interaction between super-radiant broad or bright (continuum) mode and sub-radiant narrow (discrete) mode [17–19]. Due to this intriguing feature of Fano resonance of having a narrow line-width, it’s quite appealing in different applications such as switching [20], sensing [18], gates [21], etc.
Hot carrier effects on Brillouin amplification in AIIIBV and AIIBVI semiconductors
Published in Journal of Modern Optics, 2022
Optical fibres have been extensively used as a nonlinear medium for Brillouin amplification to explore the optical parameters in a wide variety of experiments [7,12]. Important parameters affecting the selection of a Brillouin medium for a given application include the pumping conditions, the amplification coefficient, the transmitted intensity, transmitted wavelength, the optical damage threshold, size constraints, etc. Although Brillouin media in the same state of matter have similar characteristics in many cases, the nonlinear optical properties of a given material under different circumstances can vary widely [13]. Therefore, it is important to select the appropriate Brillouin medium according to specific requirements. Depending on the different types of materials adopted, different designs for the Brillouin cell are desirable. Hence, in addition to optical fibres, the Brillouin medium can also be a bulk crystal, a cell with a gas or liquid medium, or a waveguide in a photonic integrated circuit.
Three Ways Chip to Chip Communication via a Single Photonic Structure: A Future Paragon of 3D Photonics to Optical VLSI
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
S. Boobalan, P. Venkatesh Kumar, K. Vinoth Kumar, G. Palai
Basically, it is hard to realise more than one way communication pertaining to electronic signal simultaneously using a single device because there is an electrical interfaces between signals in the devices which creates technical snag due to the interference. However such kind of technical snag can be avoided with respect to the optical interference because after mutual interaction of the signals in central core of waveguide, they will reach at the photo diode end without any interruption. The proposed device could be implemented in photonic integrated circuit in printed circuit board (PCB) or in VLSI (very large system of integration).