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Next-Generation Technologies to Enable Sensor Networksa
Published in Syed Ijlal Ali Shah, Mohammad Ilyas, Hussein T. Mouftah, Pervasive Communications Handbook, 2017
Joel I. Goodman, Albert I. Reuther, David R. Martinez
A great deal of press has been generated in the past several years about RTOSs; however, the distinction between soft real-time and hard RTOSs is seldom discussed. Hard real-time systems guarantee the completion of tasks in a deterministic time period, while soft real-time systems give priority to critical tasks over other tasks but do not guarantee the completion of tasks in a deterministic time period [22]. Examples of hard RTOSs are VxWorks (Wind River Systems, Inc. [23]); RTLinux/Pro (FSMLabs, Inc. [24]); and pSOS (Wind River Systems, Inc. [23]), as well as dedicated massively parallel embedded operating systems like MC/OS (Mercury Computer Systems, Inc. [25]). Examples of soft RTOSs are Microsoft Pocket PC; Palm OS; certain real-time Linux releases [24,26]; and others.
Middleware and interoperability aspects
Published in Hervé Benoit, Digital Television, 2002
The middleware can be functionally compared to a high-level operating system with graphical user interface (GUI) such as Windows, which is very different from a low level real time operating system (RTOS, such as pSOS, vxWorks, Nucleus to cite just a few), on which the middleware is based. One of the crucial functions of most middlewares is to make the application independent of the hardware platform on which it is run, assuming it has sufficient resources (processing power and device functionality). In order that the same hardware platform can relatively easily support many middlewares, which not only differ from one another by their 'upper' API (to the applications), but also by their interface to the lower layers of the software (which we will name 'middleware API'), the set-top box manufacturers most often interface the middleware to their own API (which we will name 'platform API') through an adaptation layer. Figure 9.1 illustrates the different software layers of a set-top box using a middleware in comparison to the layers of a personal computer (PC). It is the middleware that defines the 'look and feel' of the user interface, the aspect and the possibilities of the Electronic Program Guide (EPG), the interactivity level of the applications which are offered to the user (pay-per-view programmes, games, specific services requiring a return channel to the service provider, special functions such as hard disk recording, etc.). All middlewares generally offer two levels of interactivity:
x Product Family
Published in Paul W. Ross, The Handbook of Software for Engineers and Scientists, 2018
Adams Alistair, Artim Tamara, Chorich Martin, Gupta Ashish
AutoCode software template functions allow users to tailor code to run on discrete, continuous, hybrid discrete/continuous, multirate, multiprocessor, or event-driven systems. Users may also use templates to add hardware-specific code modules such as initialization routines, interrupt handlers, and device drivers. For real-time applications, users can invoke an a rate-monotonic scheduler or automatically generate code compatible with the pSOS+™ priority-driven multitasking real-time operating system.
Spin–spin coupling constants in linear substituted HCN clusters
Published in Molecular Physics, 2019
Puspitapallab Chaudhuri, Lucas C. Ducati, Angsula Ghosh
In Table 3, all possible values of 2J(Xa,Yb) and 2hJ(Xa,Yb) for all the dimers are presented. The total 2J(N3,H1) and 2J(N6,H4) in HCN···HCN, 2J(N3,H1) in HCN···HNC and 2J(N6,H4) in LiCN···HCN demonstrate different characteristics when compared with 2J(N3,H1) of HCN. The total 2J(N6,H4) and all its RP terms in LiCN···HCN show a steep decrease when compared to the HCN monomer value while the others demonstrate an increase. Moreover, the total two-bond (N,H) coupling constants and the corresponding RP terms of HCN···HCN and HCN···HNC are very similar when compared among themselves and, at the same time, they are considerably higher than those of LiCN···HCN. Thus, in the present context, we observe that the substitution effect of LiCN in HCN dimer is more prominent than that of HNC. The total 2J(C6,H4), the FC, PSO and SD terms in HCN···HNC and LiCN···HNC increase when compared to their isolated HNC values. The sign of two-bond intermolecular 2hJ(C2,H4) is negative for HCN···HNC and HCN···HCN whereas it is positive in the LiCN···HCN dimer. However, the FC terms in all 2hJ(C2,H4) are negative, and the PSOs are positive. Moreover, in all the cases of 2hJ(C2,H4), the PSO is the most dominant term and the SD is the least one. 2hJ(C5,N3) has a similar characteristic in the two dimers HCN···HCN and LiCN···HCN as can be seen in the table. A difference of nearly 15% is observed between them with the FC term being nearly the sole contributor.