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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
Natural sources of ionising radiation include radon gas and cosmic rays. Human-made sources include X-rays and radioactive isotopes produced in nuclear reactors or particle accelerators. Most human exposure is due to natural radiation, followed by medical exposures. Isotopes of some elements are unstable and undergo radioactive decay. There are three types of health effects associated with exposure to ionising radiation. Stochastic effects, psychological effects and acute or deterministic effects. The system for protection against ionising radiation throughout the world is based on the work of a non-governmental scientific organisation, the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Non-ionising radiation includes radiant heat, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, radio waves, microwaves and power frequency electromagnetic fields. There are concerns that power frequency fields might have adverse health effects at levels below those required to interfere with nerves through induced fields and currents, which form the basis for exposure guidelines.
Borate Phosphors for Radiation Dosimetery
Published in S. K. Omanwar, R. P. Sonekar, N. S. Bajaj, Borate Phosphors, 2022
Non-ionizing radiation has less energy than ionizing radiation; it does not possess enough energy to produce ions. It therefore will not produce breaks in body cells and DNA and does not lead to cancer related to radiation exposure. Examples of non-ionizing radiation are visible light, infrared, radio waves, microwaves and sunlight.
Radiation—ionising and non-ionising
Published in Sue Reed, Dino Pisaniello, Geza Benke, Kerrie Burton, Principles of Occupational Health & Hygiene, 2020
Non-ionising radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength greater than 100 nm that does not have sufficient energy to ionise the matter with which it interacts. It includes ultraviolet, visible, infrared, radiofrequency and extremely low frequency radiation. With such a wide range of wavelengths, frequencies and therefore energies, non-ionising radiation has the potential to cause various adverse health effects in humans in certain body locations.
Parental occupational and environmental risk factors for childhood bone cancer in Mansoura oncology center: a case control study
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
S El-Helaly, E Khashaba, H El Domiaty, A Darwish
History of environmental risk factors such as hazardous chemical exposure, pesticides, solvents, intake n-nitrose compounds and exposure to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation for children and parents. Occupational history as regards paternal and maternal exposure to insecticides, herbicides and nonagricultural fungicides and other chemicals was obtained. Moreover, exposure to ionizing (work with diagnostic X ray) and non-ionizing radiation sources was obtained. Sources of non-ionizing radiation included residence near cell phone antenna, high power lines, residence near radio stations or radar stations. According to Eyre et al. (2009), the risky jobs included parental farming and agriculture, handling chemicals as usual occupation, parental employment in industries involving exposure to radiation. Paternal exposure to herbicides, pesticides or fertilizers. Paternal occupation as unskilled worker at time of child’s conception. Chemicals reported included pesticides, paints and strippers, car-related chemicals, insecticides used with animals, solvents and glue, cleaning products and chemicals used in hospital and pathology laboratories [Valery PC et al. (2002)] Any other job were considered non risky jobs.
ELF-MF occupational exposure in die-casting and electroplating workers in Korea
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2020
Rajitha Kawshalya Mailan Arachchige Don, Joon-Sig Jung, Yun-Jin Lee, Seung-Cheol Hong
Non-ionizing radiation from static, extremely low-frequency, radio-frequency (RF), microwave, infra-red, visible light and ultraviolet fields does not possess a sufficient amount of energy within a single quantum to ionize an atom or molecule [6]. Among these types of non-ionizing radiation, this study focuses on exposure to ELF-MFs.
The role of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation on female fertility: A review
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Pooja Jangid, Umesh Rai, Radhey Shyam Sharma, Rajeev Singh
Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is the combination of electric and magnetic fields having wavelike properties. These energy radiations are electromagnetic fields (EMFs); it is a natural phenomenon and could be generated by man-made sources. EMR can be categorized into non-ionizing radiation, which is considered less damaging, and ionizing radiation, which is potentially harmful to cells and DNA. X-rays, alpha particles, and gamma rays fall into the category of ionizing radiations. Ionizing radiations are more harmful as they cause DNA damage by breaking chemical bonds. On the other hand, non-ionizing radiations lack enough energy to break chemical bonds. Non-ionizing radiations could be further divided into the following types: extremely low frequency, intermediate frequency, hyper frequency, and static EMFs (Juutilainen 2005; Gye and Park 2012). EMR below 300 Hz come under extremely low frequency (ELF), generated by military equipment, home appliances, and railroads (Marci et al. 2018). Electrical goods and power lines generate extremely low frequency at 60 Hz (Kesari et al. 2018). Intermediate frequency EMFs are radiations that have frequencies ranging from 300 Hz to 10 MHz, generated by the computer display and industrial cables (Marci et al. 2018). AM radio transmissions produce intermediate frequency at 530–1600 KHz (Kesari et al. 2018). Hyper-frequency EMFs includes radiations with frequencies from 10 MHz to 3000 GHz, generated by FM radio (88–108 MHz), TV sets (50–700 MHz), mobile phones (850–2.4 GHz), laptops, Wi-Fi and microwave ovens (2.4 GHz), etc. (Marci et al. 2018; Kesari et al. 2018). Static EMFs are radiations with zero frequency produced by MRI and geomagnetism (Marci et al. 2018). Radiofrequency EMF (RF-EMF) is the energy transmission through radio waves that falls between intermediate frequency EMF and hyper-frequency EMF as it includes radiations with frequencies ranging from 100 kHz to 300 GHz (Kesari et al. 2018). Non-ionizing radiations also include part of the UV spectrum, visible light, and infrared rays (non-ionizing radiation-occupational safety and health Administration OSHA). An electric field is induced into the body when exposed to high levels of RF-EMF, and a force is exerted on free moving polar molecules, ions, and electrons following EMF gets transformed to kinetic energy. Consequently, these charged particles or molecules revolve and interact with more charged particles; subsequently, the kinetic energy would be converted into heat. Harmful effects can be triggered by this heating of the body. Dielectric disruption of cell membranes can be caused by the induced brief and strong electric field (ICNIRP 2020). The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified the radiofrequency radiation as ’a possible carcinogen’ (in group 2B) to human (IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 2013).