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Mental Workload, Stress, and Individual Differences: Cognitive and Neuroergonomic Perspectives
Published in Christopher D. Wickens, Justin G. Hollands, Simon. Banbury, Raja. Parasuraman, Engineering Psychology and Human Performance, 2015
Christopher D. Wickens, Justin G. Hollands, Simon. Banbury, Raja. Parasuraman
Neuroergonomics has been defined as the study of the human brain in relation to performance at work and in everyday settings (Parasuraman, 2011). The central premise is that research and practice in human factors and cognitive engineering can be enriched by considering theories and results from neuroscience. Such a goal has become possible because of the phenomenal growth in human cognitive, and more recently, social neuroscience (Gazzaniga, 2009; Cacioppo, 2002). Findings from neuroscience can constrain or extend theories of human performance (Poldrack & Wagner, 2004). Neuroergonomics can therefore provide added value, beyond that available from traditional neuroscience and conventional ergonomics, to our understanding of brain function and behavior as encountered in work and in natural settings.
Human Information Processing
Published in Julie A. Jacko, The Human–Computer Interaction Handbook, 2012
Robert W. Proctor, Kim-Phuong L. Vu
Application of cognitive neuroscience to human factors and HCI has been advocated under the heading of neuroergonomics (e.g., Lees et al. 2010). According to Parasuraman (2003), “Neuroergonomics focuses on investigations of the neural bases of mental functions and physical performance in relation to technology, work, leisure, transportation, health care and other settings in the real world” (p. 5). Neuroergonomics has the goal of using knowledge of the relation between brain function and human performance to design interfaces and computerized systems that are sensitive to brain function with the intent of increasing the efficiency and safety of human–machine systems.
Emerging Challenges and Approaches
Published in Walter R. Boot, Neil Charness, Sara J. Czaja, Wendy A. Rogers, Designing for Older Adults, 2020
Walter R. Boot, Neil Charness, Sara J. Czaja, Wendy A. Rogers
A number of methods and tools were presented within this book to understand older users’ needs and to evaluate design: needs assessment, heuristic evaluation, focus groups, surveys, simulation, and performance modeling. Advances in technology will likely change the nature of these approaches and emerging approaches may become more common. Advances in the ability to simulate complex systems and environments using virtual reality, for example, will likely make simulation a more common and convenient method over time (Chapter 5). It is also possible that in the near future neuroimaging may become a more prominent method with respect to design evaluation. The field of neuroergonomics is not a new one (Parasuraman, 1998), but technological advances now allow some of these techniques to be more easily deployed and make them more appropriate for design-focused research involving complex systems (e.g., advances in ambulatory neuroimaging techniques such as mobile electroencephalography). Some of the aims of neuroergonomics are to provide measures of workload, vigilance, and fatigue to better understand the demands a system places on the user. Other aims relate to uncovering fundamental insights into the relationship between performance and brain activity that may be useful in developing design principles. Cheaper, mobile, and less intrusive eye-tracking technologies may also play a larger role in understanding the information processing requirements of systems. Other emerging approaches include the development of new models with which to predict human performance or the adaptation of existing models to be more relevant to new environments and situations. For example, Chapter 6 presented how movement times of younger and older adults in the interaction with a system can be accurately predicted by Fitts’ Law. Newer models of movement control are currently being developed, adapted from Fitts’ Law, to predict movement times in immersive 3D virtual environments (e.g., Deng et al., 2019). Some of these performance models do not yet consider how age influences model parameters, but this will be a necessary consideration for future research. As technology advances, so will the methods and tools available to study the design of new technologies.
Dynamics of goal characterization in students’ exams-preparation systemic activity transition processes
Published in Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 2020
Ergonomics is concerned with how humans interact with systems to perform tasks that achieve goals (Richardson and Ball 2009). This interaction requires thought processes that construct and manipulate mental representations of situations to enable the selection of task-oriented actions having predicted outcomes. Mental representations are, then, central to task performance and therefore ergonomics (Richardson and Ball 2009). Neuroergonomics, on the other hand focuses on investigations of the neural bases of mental functions and physical performance in relation to technology, work, leisure, transportation, health care and other settings in the real world (Parasuraman 2003). The two major goals of neuroergonomics, according to Parasuraman (2003) are to use knowledge of brain function and human performance to design technologies and work environments for safer and more efficient operation, and to advance understanding of brain function underlying real-world human performance (Parasuraman 2003).
Grasping the world from a cockpit: perspectives on embodied neural mechanisms underlying human performance and ergonomics in aviation context
Published in Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 2018
Mariateresa Sestito, John Flach, Assaf Harel
To address this need, this article presents a novel approach that combines ecological psychology and embodied cognition within a neurophysiological framework to improve human performance and human–machine interface (HMI) design in the field of aviation. The approach we present here is based on neuroergonomics – a relatively new discipline. Neuroergonomics is the study of the neural substrates of human performance in real-world environments (Parasuraman and Rizzo 2007). One of the goals of neuroergonomics research is to integrate knowledge of brain function and structure to the process of HMI design, which will enhance the way operators interact with or control dynamic systems (Parasuraman and Wilson 2008). According to Raja Parasuraman, one of the seminal figures in the field, ‘the neuroergonomic approach allows the researcher to ask different questions and develop new explanatory frameworks about humans and work than an approach based solely on the measurement of the overt performance or subjective perceptions of the human operator’ (Parasuraman and Rizzo 2007, p. 3). A neuroergonomic approach can provide implicit measures (often referred to as ‘neuro-markers’) that would objectively quantify the interaction between pilot and aircraft, which can eventually be used to guide training and to enable expert performance (Harel 2016).
Research on effective recognition of alarm signals in a human–machine system based on cognitive neural experiments
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2023
Yun Teng, Yuwei Sun, Xinlin Chen, Mei Zhang
Modern cognitive neuroscience provides an effective way to overcome the aforementioned problems. Cognitive neuroscience is a discipline that studies the advanced functions of the human brain. The purpose of the research is to clarify the brain mechanism of cognitive activities [27]. Cognitive neuroscience uses two types of modern brain imaging technologies to directly observe the cognitive activities of the human brain. One type is technology that measures the electromagnetic activity of the brain – event-related potential (ERP) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) – and the other is based on cerebral hemodynamics technology – functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology, transcranial Doppler sonography (TCDS) and positron emission tomography (PET). As one of the important branches of industrial engineering, the intersection of cognitive neuroscience and human factors also gave birth to neuroergonomics. The concept of neuroergonomics was proposed by Prof. R. Parasuraman of George Mason University in the USA [28]. It refers to the fusion of human factors and neuroscience to study people’s perceptual and cognitive functions related to work, home, transportation and daily life, such as vision, hearing, attention, memory, decision-making and planning. By applying the theory and technology of cognitive neuroscience to ergonomics, neuroergonomics can measure and analyze the brain’s reaction at work, which can objectively, accurately and in real time understand the work performance and psychological state. It has been used in aviation, driving, electroencephalography (EEG) interface, virtual reality clinical and other fields [29–32].