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Substrate Guided Cell Behavior in Regenerative Engineering
Published in Yusuf Khan, Cato T. Laurencin, Regenerative Engineering, 2018
Paralleling the importance of ECM mechanics in regulating cellular functions, ECM proteins exhibit enormous nano/micrometer-scale features, which have been shown to profoundly impact cell signaling. For example, collagen fibers (diameter of several micrometers) are built from ordered collagen fibrils (diameter, 20–200 nm), which in turn are composed of triple helical collagen molecules (diameter, 1–10 nm).109 Such hierarchical architectures and topographical features of native ECM (e.g., fibrillary structures) have been shown to contribute to various cellular functions.110 Similarly, the basement membrane, a ubiquitous ECM component, displays unique nanotopographical characteristics that were found to modulate adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation of the overlying epithelium.111 Different approaches such as micropatterning, electrospinning, and photolithography have been used to create substrates with topographical features.58,112–114 These advancements have enabled the investigation of cellular behaviors in response to a broad range of topographical features (e.g., lines, gratings, circles, and pillars) from single cell level to cell clusters in a systematic manner. Many of these techniques have been well reviewed by Théry.114 In this section, we focus our discussion on the applications of substrate topography in regulating stem cell differentiation.
Surface Functionalization Techniques
Published in Jay L. Nadeau, Introduction to Experimental Biophysics, 2017
Micropatterning is a method of functionalizing some areas or features of a chip or surface, while other areas remain unfunctionalized or functionalized in a different fashion. There are many ways to do this, quite a few of which involve photoactivatable reagents. A full discussion of these methods is outside the scope of this chapter, though several of them are worth mentioning.
Development of microstructured fish scale collagen scaffolds to manufacture a tissue-engineered oral mucosa equivalent
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Ayako Suzuki, Hiroko Kato, Takahiro Kawakami, Yoshihiro Kodama, Mayuko Shiozawa, Hiroyuki Kuwae, Keito Miwa, Emi Hoshikawa, Kenta Haga, Aki Shiomi, Atsushi Uenoyama, Issei Saitoh, Haruaki Hayasaki, Jun Mizuno, Kenji Izumi
Microcontact printing, photolithography, and laser patterning have been introduced as micropatterning techniques for glass or plastic culture substrates [23]. Recently, Yu et al. reported a micromilling technology to create PDMS molds, followed by the fabrication of hydrogel scaffolds with 3 D undulated microtopographies mimicking the dermal papilla in the skin [9]. In the present study, we reported a novel approach for constructing tilapia scale type I collagen scaffolds with 3 D microtopographic structures mainly involving the following three processing steps (Figure 2): (1) manufacturing of a silicon semiconductor substrate with a combination of anisotropic and isotropic etching, (2) fabrication of four different types of negative molds made of PDMS or Si, (3) fabrication of microstructured fish scale collagen scaffolds. This semiconductor process allows any configurations of microstructure fabrication mimicking the connective tissue papilla of the oral mucosa because of anisotropic etching that has shape controllability, such as steep undulation and isotropic etching, which allows fabrication of truncated micropatterns. In addition, this semiconductor process could serve as a high-throughput technique useful in manufacturing off-the-shelf biomaterials in regenerative medicine.