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Quantifying Condition above and below the Flow
Published in Justin Starr, Water and Wastewater Pipeline Assessment Technologies, 2021
A variety of vendors produce and sell profiling sonar units (sometimes referred to colloquially as transducers, even though they include both transducers and receivers) that communicate through standard serial or Ethernet interfaces. Examples include Imagenex, Inc. and Marine Electronics. Each unit features slightly different ultrasonic frequencies, scan rates, beam diameters, and physical housings, so some level of feature analysis may be required when choosing a sensor for a specific application. Vendors also provide turnkey sonar inspection systems – with a sonar head mounted on a robotic crawler or floating platform. RedZone Robotics HDSub and Cues Inc.’s Sonar Profiler are standalone units ready for deployment – minimal systems integration is required. From the inspection specification perspective, a profiling sonar unit capable of operating in the pipe diameters in the system is usually sufficient. Be careful – vendors insisting on the insertion of language specifying a 600 kHz ultrasonic beam (for example) are typically trying to exclude competitors. It would be difficult to find a pipe profiling sonar unit in use today that has a fundamental technical incompatibility with the goals of an inspection program.
Robotic Swarms for Mine Detection System of Systems Approach
Published in Thrishantha Nanayakkara, Ferat Sahin, Mo Jamshidi, Intelligent Control Systems with an Introduction to System of Systems Engineering, 2018
Thrishantha Nanayakkara, Ferat Sahin, Mo Jamshidi
The GPS receiver sends GPS data through serial bus. The communication protocol is dependent on the standard chosen, either Trimble Standard Interface Protocol (TSIP) or National Marine Electronics Association. TSIP was chosen for our robotic swarm applications, having an input and output baud rate of 9600, 8 data bits, odd parity, 1 stop bit, and no flow control. TSIP automatically sends information on GPS time, position, velocity, receiver health/status, and satellites in view. GPS time and receiver health/status are sent every 5 s, and all others are sent every 1 s. Position and velocity measurements can be sent as singles or doubles, depending on the desired precision. GPS information is received and stored by a PIC16F73 using its onboard UART configured at the aforementioned settings. The I2C bus is used for the communication between the main microcontroller (80552) and the PIC when GPS information is requested by the 80552.
Towards the unmanned ship code
Published in Pentti Kujala, Liangliang Lu, Marine Design XIII, 2018
M. Bergström, S. Hirdaris, O.A. Valdez Banda, P. Kujala, O.-V. Sormunen, A. Lappalainen
From a legal point of view, we believe there is a significant difference between AL 3-4, implying ‘remotely-controlled’ operations, and AL 5-6 implying ‘fully autonomous’ operations. Remotely-controlled operations imply ships with crews that have been relocated to a ROC. In such situations, the crew would still oversee operations and be responsible for the ship, albeit not from on-board the ship. On the other hand, fully autonomous operations imply ships that, at least periodically, do not have any crew. As a result, in case of an accident, caused by a weakness or failure in any autonomous system, there could be a complicated situation in terms of liability (i.e. it might be unclear who is legally responsible for the accident, the system provider or the operator). For this reason alone, it is believed that fully autonomous ships may not be feasible any time soon. Notwithstanding, similarly to manned ships that often operate on autopilot, remotely-controlled ships may periodically be allowed to operate at a higher level of autonomy (Marine Electronics & Communications, 2016).
Point Positioning Capability of Compact, Low-Cost GNSS Modules: A Case Study
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2021
Somnath Mahato, Atanu Santra, Sukabya Dan, P. Banerjee, Surajit Kundu, Anindya Bose
Over the last couple of years compact, power-efficient, and low-cost (50–200 USD) GNSS modules became commercially available. The modules have small form factor and they generally consume extremely low power. The modules can track and use signals from multiple GNSS constellations, operates in single or dual GNSS frequencies and can provide “raw” GNSS data along with National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA) data output at 1–5 Hz rate. Few of the modules are differential GNSS (dGNSS) and/ or Real Time Kinematic (RTK) enabled, so that these may be used as base and/ or rovers in RTK operation. These modules are increasingly being used for real-time and research applications of GNSS [18–21]. Three such modules used for the studies reported in this paper are compared in Table 1 along with a standard geodetic GNSS receiver [22–25].
Whole-body vibration and vertical road profile displacement power spectral density
Published in Vehicle System Dynamics, 2020
Peter Múčka, George Juraj Stein, Peter Tobolka
Garmin GPS 18x 5Hz is an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) high-sensitivity GPS sensor that used National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA) transfer protocol NMEA 0183 for transmitting GPS data. Sampling frequency is 5 Hz, input DC voltage 4–5.5 V. Device was connected to a computer with RS 232 to USB adaptor ADAM 4561. Position accuracy is <3 m (95%) and velocity accuracy is 0.1 knot RMS steady state (1 knot = 1.852 km/h). Garmin GPS 18x 5Hz is RS 232 compatible asynchronous receiver and a transfer rate was 19,200 bounds. The NMEA 0183 output sentence GPRMC was used that includes Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) time and date, position data (latitude, longitude), speed over ground, course over ground, magnetic variation and mode indicator. Properties of this GPS sensor and its advantages in vehicle applications were reported in [63,64]. Garmin GPS 18x 5 Hz sensor gives similar results with the professional systems, enough accurate but at a much lower cost [63,64].
Value-based contract for smart operation and maintenance service based on equitable entropy
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2020
Fang Huang, Juhong Chen, Linhui Sun, Yaqi Zhang, Shujun Yao
Smart O&M service is the major smart service in industrial sectors, most operate within the aerospace, defense, marine, electronics, power industry, oil& gas, and energy industry sector (Grubic et al. 2011). To achieve the high demand of smart manufacturing in terms of high productivity with near-zero downtime, many manufacturers introduce the smart O&M services to extended their operations forward by micro-vertical integration with the help of emerging technologies, to undertake a range of activities such as condition monitoring, maintenance, repair, overhaul and management of their own products on behalf of their customers (Baines and Lightfoot 2013). Through effective utilisation of sensor technology, condition monitoring and big data analysis, manufacturers can continuously track their equipment's performance and health status, predict potential failures. Therefore the proper O&M action could be taken to avoid costly failures and unplanned downtime, maximise the uptime, productivity and efficiency of the industrial systems, maximise the energy consumption and pollution threats, make the O&M run in more environmental-friendly ways (Porter and Heppelmann 2014; Lee et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2017). For example, GE's Brilliant Factories initiative uses sensors to stream information into a data lake, where it can be analysed for insights on cutting downtime and improving efficiency. In one plant, this approach doubled the production of defect-free units (Porter and Heppelmann 2015).