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Unmanned Aircraft System Design
Published in R. Kurt Barnhart, Douglas M. Marshall, Eric J. Shappee, Introduction to Unmanned Aircraft Systems, 2021
For the UAS that is not flown in RC mode or stability-augmented RC mode, a flight control system (often referred to as an autopilot, which is the term that will be used here) is employed to control the aircraft. The autopilot system is typically composed of a microprocessor or computer that runs algorithms designed to control the aircraft over a preplanned flight path. It is also used to augment control of the aircraft that is receiving steering commands (commands not associated with maintaining stability, such as heading changes) from a remotely located pilot. Typically, an inner control loop receives high-frequency sensor data to manage the aircraft attitude, while an outer-loop controller manages the aircraft position while following a flight plan.
Flight Controls and Environmental Control Systems
Published in Stephen J Wright, Aviation Safety and Security, 2021
In summary, the flight control systems for large passenger aircraft are powered movable surfaces usually relying on hydraulic assistance for precise movement. With older aircraft, Boeing has prefered to incorporate a combination of metal cables attached between the pilots’ yoke and the moving surface, coupled with hydraulic actuation to ease the forces necessary. Airbus, in contrast to Boeing, has always incorporated a different philosophy utilising the ‘fly-by-wire’ technologies. Fly-by-wire implies that the various flight computers are calculating the magnitude of the flight surface position, based on inputs including the pilot’s side stick input, among other data. Operationally, the vast majority of a flight is flown using the Autopilot function, regardless of manufacturer (e.g. Airbus, Boeing, or others).
Unmanned Aircraft System Design
Published in Douglas M. Marshall, R. Kurt Barnhart, Eric Shappee, Michael Most, Introduction to Unmanned Aircraft Systems, 2016
For the UAS not flown in RC mode or stability-augmented RC mode, a flight control system (often referred to as an autopilot, the term that we will use) is employed to control the aircraft. The autopilot system is typically composed of a microprocessor or computer that runs algorithms designed to control the aircraft over a preplanned flight path, or to augment control of the aircraft that is receiving steering commands (commands such as heading changes, not associated with maintaining stability) from a remotely located pilot. Typically, an inner control loop receives high-frequency sensor data to manage the aircraft attitude, while an outer-loop controller manages the aircraft position while following a flight plan.
Transitioning to Human Interaction with AI Systems: New Challenges and Opportunities for HCI Professionals to Enable Human-Centered AI
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2023
Wei Xu, Marvin J. Dainoff, Liezhong Ge, Zaifeng Gao
In contrast, automation represents the typical characteristics of non-AI computing systems. Automation is the ability of a system to perform well-defined tasks and to produce deterministic results, typically relying on a fixed set of rules or algorithms based on mechanical or digital computing technology. Automation cannot perform the tasks that were not designed for; in such cases, the operators must manually take over the automated system (Kaber, 2018). For example, the autopilot on a civil aircraft flight deck can carry out certain flight tasks previously undertaken by pilots, moving them away from their traditional role of directly controlling the aircraft to a more supervisory role managing the airborne automation. However, in abnormal situations which the autopilot was not designed for, pilots must immediately intervene to take over manual control of the aircraft (Xu, 2007).
Statistical perspectives on reliability of artificial intelligence systems
Published in Quality Engineering, 2023
Yili Hong, Jiayi Lian, Li Xu, Jie Min, Yueyao Wang, Laura J. Freeman, Xinwei Deng
Industrial robotics empowered by AI systems that can achieve a high level of automation are taking the global manufacturing industry into the era of Industry 4.0. Industrial robotics can improve productivity and reduce the cost of production. Webster and Ivanov (2020) discussed the evolution of the integration of robots and AI technology in economics and society. In aerospace, AI systems are advancing the industry with aircraft autopilot systems and unmanned aircraft/drones. For example, Doherty, Heintz, and Kvarnström (2013) studied a high-level mission specification and planning using delegation in unmanned aircraft. Baomar and Bentley (2016) discussed robust learning by imitation to extend the capabilities of the intelligent autopilot system. Sarathy et al. (2019) discussed safety issues in applying AI in unmanned aircraft. The reliability of these autonomous systems is important because of the critical nature of the applications.
The effect of autonomous systems on the crew size of ships – a case study
Published in Maritime Policy & Management, 2021
Carmen Kooij, Robert Hekkenberg
Increased automation and autonomy are hot topics in many aspects of transportation research, spanning the automotive, aviation, rail and maritime industries. Within the automotive industry, several companies such as Waymo, Apple, and Uber have managed to drive millions of kilometres with autonomous cars (Waymo 2019; McCarthy 2019). Driverless metro systems are now considered standard (Thales Group 2018) and research is currently being conducted into running long distance trains without a driver (Franzen 2015). Planes are capable of flying practically all of their journey on autopilot, even though a pilot still remains on board (Charlton 2019).