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Digital Video Coding Standards—MPEG-1/2 Video
Published in Yun-Qing Shi, Huifang Sun, Image and Video Compression for Multimedia Engineering, 2019
The algorithms employed by MPEG-1 do not provide a lossless coding scheme. However, the standard can support a variety of input formats and be applied to a wide range of applications. As we know, the main purpose of MPEG-1 video is to code moving image sequences or video signals. To achieve a high compression ratio, both intra-frame redundancy and inter-frame redundancy should be exploited. This implies that it would not be efficient to code the video signal with an intra-frame-coding scheme, such as JPEG. On the other hand, to satisfy the requirement of random access, we have to use intra-frame coding from time to time. Therefore, the MPEG-1 video algorithm is mainly based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) coding and inter-frame motion compensation. The DCT coding is used to remove the intra-frame redundancy and the motion compensation is used to remove the inter-frame redundancy. With regard to input picture format, MPEG-1 allows progressive pictures only, but offers great flexibility in the size, up to 4095 × 4095 pixels. However, the coder itself is optimized to the extensively used video SIF picture format. The SIF is a simple derivative of the ITU-R 601 video format for digital television applications. According to ITU-R 601, a color video source has three components, a luminance component (Y) and two chrominance components (Cb and Cr), which are in the 4:2:0 sub-sampling format. Note that the 4:2:0 and 4:2:2 color formats were described in Chapter 15.
Digital Video Coding Standards: MPEG-1/2 Video
Published in Yun Q. Shi, Huifang Sun, for Multimedia Engineering, 2017
The algorithms employed by MPEG-1 do not provide a lossless coding scheme. However, the standard can support a variety of input formats and be applied to a wide range of applications. As we know, the main purpose of MPEG-1 video is to code moving image sequences or video signals. To achieve a high compression ratio, both intraframe and interframe redundancies should be exploited. This implies that it would not be efficient to code the video signal with an intraframe coding scheme, such as JPEG. On the other hand, to satisfy the requirement of random access, we have to use intraframe coding from time to time. Therefore, the MPEG-1 video algorithm is mainly based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) coding and interframe motion compensation. The DCT coding is used to remove the intraframe redundancy and the motion compensation is used to remove the interframe redundancy. With regard to input picture format, MPEG-1 allows progressive pictures only, but offers great flexibility in the size, up to 4095 × 4095 pixels. However, the coder itself is optimized to the extensively used video SIF picture format. The SIF is a simple derivative of the ITU-R 601 video format for digital television applications. According to ITU-R 601, a color video source has three components, a luminance component (Y) and two chrominance components (Cb and Cr), which are in the 4:2:0 subsampling format. Note that the 4:2:0 and 4:2:2 color formats were described in Chapter 15.
Emerging Multimedia Standards
Published in Ling Guan, Yifeng He, Sun-Yuan Kung, Multimedia Image and Video Processing, 2012
The MPEG-1 was completed in 1991 [1]. The target application of MPEG-1 is digital storage media, CD-ROM, at bit rates up to 1.5 Mbps. The MPEG-2 [2] is also referred to as H.262, as a joint standard of MPEG and ITU. The MPEG-2 was completed in 1994. It is an extension of MPEG-1 and allows for greater input format flexibility and higher data rates for both HDTV and Standard Definition Television (SDTV). The US ATSC DTV standard and European DTV standard DVB both use the MPEG-2 as their source-coding standard but use different transmission systems. At the system layer, the DTV uses Transport Stream, which is designed for the lossy transmission environment. The MPEG-2 is also used for DVD. The data format of DVD is MPEG-2 Program Stream which is designed for the clear transmission environment. Since DVD can provide SDTV quality, which is much better than the traditional analog VCR or digital VCD.
Flexible FPGA 1D DCT hardware architecture for HEVC
Published in Automatika, 2023
Hrvoje Mlinarić, Alen Duspara, Daniel Hofman, Josip Knezović
Standardization organizations ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) created the High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard [1,2]. These well-known organizations, ITU-T and ISO/IEC, have developed and enhanced video coding standards over time. ITU-T developed H.261 [3] and H.263 [4], whereas ISO/IEC developed MPEG-1 [5] and MPEG-4 Visual [6]. Moreover, these two organizations worked together to develop the H.262/MPEG-2 Video [7] and H.264/MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) [8] standards. Prior to the HEVC initiative, the most recent video coding standard was H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, which was significantly expanded. H.264/MPEG-4 AVC has been instrumental in enabling digital video in numerous areas that H.262/MPEG-2 did not previously encompass. HEVC was created to address all existing H.264/MPEG-4 AVC applications, with a primary concentration on two issues: increased video resolution and increased utilization of parallel processing architectures.
An Overview of Digital Audio Steganography
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2020
Hrishikesh Dutta, Rohan Kumar Das, Sukumar Nandi, S. R. Mahadeva Prasanna
The method proposed in [93] enables the insertion of additive data into MP3 (MPEG-1 Layer III) bitstream through the modification of quantized coefficients in integer form. Using their proposed methodology, it is possible to embed additive data efficiently into encoded bitstream and to recover the data easily.