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Lasers for Thermonuclear Fusion
Published in Hitendra K. Malik, Laser-Matter Interaction for Radiation and Energy, 2021
In the late 1990s, TFTR was the world's first magnetic fusion device to carry out dedicated experiments with plasmas comprised of 50-50 D-T fuel. The 50-50 mixture was needed for real reactors to generate power. Concurrently, TFTR also set a world record when it generated controlled fusion power of 10.7 million Watts in 1994, which is more than enough to fulfill the requirement of more than 3000 homes. Such experiments have also been performed to focus on the study of alpha particles produced in the D-T reactions. Though the higher temperature may be required to overcome the Coulomb barrier in nuclear fusion, a critical density of ions may also be required to achieve higher energy yield due to higher chances of collisions. In the case of hot plasma, the confinement time may be derived from the density to calculate the total energy yield. The minimum criterion for fusion reaction is called Lawson criterion, and it is a result of the multiplication of ion density and confinement time. Plasma can be confined in the inertial confinement method by using Lawson criterion based on time and density parameters of the plasma.
Fusion Energy
Published in Geoffrey F. Hewitt, John G. Collier, Introduction to Nuclear Power, 2018
Geoffrey F. Hewitt, John G. Collier
The Lawson criterion requires that the product of the density of the plasma (n) and the confinement time (τE) be sufficient to cause a reaction. A typical target value for this product would be 3 × 10 s/m3, and with a heat flux of 10 MW/m2, a typical ion density in the plasma would be 3 × 1020 ions/m3. Thus, in this case the containment time required would be 1 s. It is found that the containment time required is approximately inversely proportional to the heat flux, and therefore the containment time for a heat flux of 1 MW/m2 would be about 3 s.
The Other Energy Markets
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Global Energy Market Trends, 2021
This, however, is step one in a long, long process, and still very far from satisfying the Lawson Criterion of an efficient and sustainable nuclear reaction. It is, however, a major step forward it. But what are the problems?
A Study of the Requirements of p-11B Fusion Reactor by Tokamak System Code
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2022
Jianqing Cai, Huasheng Xie, Yang Li, Michel Tuszewski, Hongbin Zhou, Peipei Chen
The profile effect has been considered in the calculation of the triple product to compare with the result of the 0-D mode, which is shown in Fig. 2. Figure 2 illustrates that the Lawson criterion of the D-T, D-3He, and D-D fusion reactor could meet at the same density of fuel ions and at the same ion and electron temperature whether in the 0-D model or in the 1-D model. But, in the p-11B fusion reactor, the optimum mix of proton and boron is not 1:1, and the ion temperature and electron temperature must also be different while the profile effect has been considered. Here, we define the ratio of ion temperature to electron temperature as