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Transfer functions and cameras
Published in Neil Collings, Fourier Optics in Image Processing, 2018
Modern cameras deliver a very homogeneous and stable dark image which is beneficial especially in low light applications. The speed of simple camera processing operations has been improved by the use of FPGA based frame grabber cards. The low-voltage differential signalling (LVDS) interface, which is supported by many image sensor manufacturers in their products, specifies the electrical characteristics of a differential, serial communications protocol, to enable camera developers to route the data output from a CMOS image sensor directly into an FPGA. Each pair of such signals enables data to be transferred from the image sensor to the FPGA at rates at about 600 Mbit/sec. Separate clock sources are used to enable the FPGA to accurately recover synchronized data from the imager. LVDS channels have a low susceptibility to noise because sources of noise add the same amount of common-mode voltage to both lines in a signal pair. The use of LVDS interface on sensors, in general, reduces power consumption, which is important when the power budget is critical.
Power Distribution Equipment, Instrumentation and Electronic Safety Devices
Published in S. Bobby Rauf, Electrical Engineering for Non-Electrical Engineers, 2021
The low voltage category includes systems with voltages that range 50 to 1000 VRMS AC or 120 to 1500 Volts DC. This category has the following subcategories:Extra low voltage: The voltage in this category is typically below 50VRMS AC or below 120 Volts DC. The extra low voltage category is associated voltage, which typically can’t harm humans, due to the low magnitude of potential difference. This category applies to equipment and wiring widely used in bathrooms, showers, swimming pools, toys and other electric devices, which might be in open contact with human.Low voltage in power supplies for fluorescent lamps: This low voltage category pertains to fluorescent lamp power supplies that use low DC voltage as source.Low-voltage connectors: This low voltage category is associated with low voltage connectors and low voltage plugs. Common examples include cigarette lighter 12V plugs, low voltage power adapters such as those used for charging rechargeable domestic and office cordless electronic, DC, equipmentLow-voltage overhead power lines: This low voltage category pertains to power lines that bring low voltage, 110-240VAC power, to most homes and small commercial establishments.LVDS voltage level: This low voltage category pertains to LVDS systems. The term LVDS stands for low voltage differential signaling. LVDS represents electrical digital signaling standard that pertains to high speed digital communications. It specifies the electrical-level details for interface between inputs and outputs on integrated circuit chips. Some common applications of low voltage LVDS standards are high-speed video, graphics, video camera data transfers, and general purpose computer buses.Microphone preamp voltage level: This category pertains to microphone preamplifiers used to amplify a microphone’s low output voltage to a higher, more usable level.
Electrical Power Distribution and Control Equipment, and Safety-Related Devices
Published in S. Bobby Rauf, Electrical Engineering Fundamentals, 2020
The low-voltage category includes systems with voltages that range from 50 to 1,000 VRMSAC or 120 to 1,500 V DC. This category has the following subcategories: Extra low voltage: The voltage in this category is typically below 50 VRMS AC or below 120 V DC. The extra low-voltage category is associated voltage, which typically can’t harm humans, due to the low magnitude of potential difference. This conclusion is bolstered by NFPA 70E, which declares that electrical systems consisting of voltages 50 V or more in magnitude must comply with NFPA 70E shock hazard-related stipulations. This category applies to equipment and wiring widely used in bathrooms, showers, swimming pools, toys, and other electric devices, which might be in open contact with human.Low voltage in power supplies for fluorescent lamps: This low-voltage category pertains to fluorescent lamp power supplies that use low DC voltage as source.Low-voltage connectors: This low-voltage category is associated with low-voltage connectors and low-voltage plugs. Common examples include cigarette lighter 12 V plugs, low-voltage power adapters such as those used for charging rechargeable domestic and office cordless electronic, DC, equipment.Low-voltage overhead power lines: This low-voltage category pertains to power lines that bring low voltage, 110–240 VAC power, to most homes and small commercial establishments.LVDS voltage level: This low-voltage category pertains to LVDS systems. The term LVDS stands for Low-Voltage Differential Signaling. LVDS represents electrical digital signaling standard that pertains to high-speed digital communications. It specifies the electrical-level details for interface between inputs and outputs (I/O) on integrated circuit chips. Some common applications of LVDS standards are high-speed video, graphics, video camera data transfers, and general-purpose computer buses.Microphone preamp voltage level: This category pertains to microphone preamplifiers used to amplify a microphone’s low output voltage to a higher, more usable level.
White organic light-emitting diode (OLED) microdisplay with a tandem structure
Published in Journal of Information Display, 2019
Hyunsu Cho, Chun-Won Byun, Chan-Mo Kang, Jin-Wook Shin, Byoung-Hwa Kwon, Sukyung Choi, Nam Sung Cho, Jeong-Ik Lee, Hokwon Kim, Jeong Hwan Lee, Minseok Kim, Hyunkoo Lee
The backplanes of the OLED microdisplay panels were fabricated on 8-inch Si wafers by a commercial foundry company, and contained a CMOS integrated circuit (IC) for OLED microdisplay driving. The 0.11 μm CMOS process was used for the CMOS ICs, and 1.2–5.5 V dual voltages were available [5]. The diced wafer substrates were sequentially cleaned with acetone, methanol, and deionized water, and were transferred to the vacuum thermal evaporator for the deposition of all the organic materials and top cathode metals. A white tandem OLED is shown in Figure 1. The OLED device consists of fluorescent blue and yellow-green phosphorescent emitters connected by a charge generation layer [6]. The fabricated device was encapsulated using ultraviolet (UV)-curable epoxy in an inert-environment glove box. The chip-on-board (COB) bonding process was applied for module packaging. The OLED microdisplay panel was connected to the panel mounting printed circuit board (PCB) through wire bonding. A flexible PCB (FPCB) was used for connecting the OLED microdisplay panel with the driving circuit board. Low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) was used for the signal interface [5].