China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Sensor Networks and Communication
Published in John G. Webster, Halit Eren, Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, 2017
Signaling refers to the actual physical (e.g., electrical, optical, or other) representation of data as they are carried on the media. For example, in some networks, data elements may be represented by certain voltage levels or waveforms in the media. In other networks, data elements may be represented by the presence of certain wavelengths of light in the media. The association of all the representable data elements (e.g., 0/1 or on/off) with the corresponding signal representations in the media is the signaling scheme or method. An important signaling method where electric wires are used as the medium is differential signaling. Differential signaling represents a particular data element (1 or 0) as two different states on a pair of wires. Determining the data element requires measuring the voltage difference between the two wires, not the absolute level of the voltage on either wire. Different data elements are then represented by the (signed) voltage difference between the two wires. For example, RS-485 represents a digital 1 data element as a 5 V signal level on the first wire and a 0 V signal level on the second wire, and a digital 0 as a 0 V signal level on the first wire and 5 V signal level on the second wire. One of the principal benefits of differential signaling is that it is possible to determine the data being transmitted without knowing the ground reference potential of the transmitter. This allows the transmitter and receiver to operate reliably, even when they have different ground potentials (within limits), which is a common occurrence in communication systems.
Electromagnetic Compatibility for High-Speed Circuits
Published in Xing-Chang Wei, Modeling and Design of Electromagnetic Compatibility for High-Speed Printed Circuit Boards and Packaging, 2017
Differential signaling is a signal transmission technology. It is different from the single-ended signaling, in which the signal line together with a ground plane is employed; differential signaling uses two lines to transmit signals and responds to the electrical difference between the two signals rather than to the difference between a single line and the ground. In comparison with the single-ended trace, differential traces show several advantages, such as: A differential circuit is insensitive to the noise resulting from the shared-ground or PGPs.The currents flowing along two traces of one differential pair have the same amplitude and opposite phase. When the spacing between two traces is small enough, the radiated electric fields from each trace will also have the same magnitude and opposite polarization and then will cancel each other. This results in a low-EMI radiation.For the noise coupled to or illuminated on two traces with the same magnitude and phase, they will also cancel each other at the input of the differential circuit. This gives a high electromagnetic immunity.
Reconfigurable Communication Infrastructure in the FCR
Published in Lev Kirischian, Reconfigurable Computing Systems Engineering, 2017
However, for higher data rates (in the range of 100 MB/s to 1 GB/s) for distances up to 1 m, the differential signaling is often used instead of single-ended signaling standards. The concept of differential signaling assumes utilization of two wires instead of one transmission line. In addition to that, the differential push–pull driver must be used as a transmitter. Also, the differential signal receiver (op-amp based) should be used on the receiving end. The generic organization of a point-to-point link based on differential signaling is shown in Figure 4.14.
White organic light-emitting diode (OLED) microdisplay with a tandem structure
Published in Journal of Information Display, 2019
Hyunsu Cho, Chun-Won Byun, Chan-Mo Kang, Jin-Wook Shin, Byoung-Hwa Kwon, Sukyung Choi, Nam Sung Cho, Jeong-Ik Lee, Hokwon Kim, Jeong Hwan Lee, Minseok Kim, Hyunkoo Lee
The backplanes of the OLED microdisplay panels were fabricated on 8-inch Si wafers by a commercial foundry company, and contained a CMOS integrated circuit (IC) for OLED microdisplay driving. The 0.11 μm CMOS process was used for the CMOS ICs, and 1.2–5.5 V dual voltages were available [5]. The diced wafer substrates were sequentially cleaned with acetone, methanol, and deionized water, and were transferred to the vacuum thermal evaporator for the deposition of all the organic materials and top cathode metals. A white tandem OLED is shown in Figure 1. The OLED device consists of fluorescent blue and yellow-green phosphorescent emitters connected by a charge generation layer [6]. The fabricated device was encapsulated using ultraviolet (UV)-curable epoxy in an inert-environment glove box. The chip-on-board (COB) bonding process was applied for module packaging. The OLED microdisplay panel was connected to the panel mounting printed circuit board (PCB) through wire bonding. A flexible PCB (FPCB) was used for connecting the OLED microdisplay panel with the driving circuit board. Low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) was used for the signal interface [5].
Low-cost and high-performance visual guidance and navigation system for space debris removal
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2021
Shinichi Kimura, Eijiro Atarashi, Taro Kashiwayanagi, Kohei Fujimoto, Ryan Proffitt
The interface board supports image storage and various interface capabilities of the processing unit (Figure 5). The interface board has a 2 GB NAND non-volatile flash memory, which can store more than 2,000 frames of 1 MB images. Additionally, the interface board supports two channels of a de-serializer interface for the camera head units: the RS-422 command and telemetry serial interface and a low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) bit-stream output interface for real-time image transmission through a direct connection to the transmitter. For real-time image transmission, a high-precision oscillator was implemented.
Design and control of a novel variable stiffness soft arm
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2018
Lina Hao, Chaoqun Xiang, M. E. Giannaccini, Hongtai Cheng, Ying Zhang, S. Nefti-Meziani, Steven Davis
ESO: y(t) is the output of the system, z1(t) is the tracking signal of y(t), z2(t) is the differential signaling of z1(t), z3(t) is the disturbance signal of the system, e is the error signal, β01, β02 and β03 is the gain of error correction, and the algorithm of fal(•) is in (24).