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Published in Serkan Eryilmaz, Discrete Stochastic Models and Applications for Reliability Engineering and Statistical Quality Control, 2023
As in weighted-k-out-of-n systems, the proper functioning of some systems depends on the overall generation/production capacity of system's components. Power generation system is a typical example for such a system. In the context of a power generation system, the reliability has two main aspects which are system adequacy aspect and system security aspect. The system adequacy aspect is concerned with the existence of sufficient facilities within the system to satisfy the consumer load demand while the system security aspect is the ability of the system to respond disturbances arising within the system (Billinton and Allan 1996). The latter one is in fact concerned with forced outage rates (or unreliabilities) of generating units within the system. One of the most commonly used reliability index for evaluating the reliability of a power system is the Loss of Load Expectation (LOLE) which is defined to be the expected period during which the load demand is greater than available power generation. If Psysi denotes the available power generation at time period i, then LOLE=∑i=1NPPsysi<Li,
Comprehensive evaluation of microgrid planning schemes based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method
Published in Lin Liu, Automotive, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, 2017
Jun He, Dahu Li, Kunpeng Zhou, Kun Chen, Can Cao, Long Cheng
LOLE stands for the expected load demand not supplied in a given time interval. LOLE=∑i∈sPiT
On the levelised cost of energy of solar photovoltaics
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2021
Nevertheless, the capacity issues of VREs have been known for a long time, so Madaeni, Sioshansi, and Denholm (2012) undertook a comprehensive study of various capacity assessment techniques for Solar PV, and one of the best is the Effective Load Carrying Capability (ELCC) method. The ELCC of a power generator represents its ability to effectively increase the generating capacity available to a utility or a regional power grid without increasing the utility’s loss of load risk (Garver 1966). For instance, a utility with a current peaking capability of 2.5 GW could increase its capability 2.55 GW with the same reliability by adding 100 MW PV, provided the ELCC of the 100 MW PV is 50 MW, or in relative terms, 50% (Perez et al. 2006). The system reliability is measured by the LOLP and LOLE (Amelin 2009). LOLP refers to the probability of a loss of load event in which the system load is greater than available generating capacity during a given time period. LOLP is typically computed in 1-h increments, whereas the LOLE is the sum of the LOLPs during a planning period – typically one year. LOLE gives the expected number of time periods in which a loss of load event occurs (Madaeni, Sioshansi, and Denholm 2012). Power system planners typically aim at maintaining an LOLE value of 0.1 days/year, or 2.4 h per year based on the target of one outage-day every 10 years (Kahn 2004). The draw-back of this approach is that it is relatively computationally heavy as an iterative computation is used (Madaeni, Sioshansi, and Denholm 2012).
Optimum sizing of hydrokinetic turbine integrated photovoltaic-battery system incorporating uncertainties of resources
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2021
The identification of the design space for typical demand-resource profiles has been presented through an example. The generation of the design space for a specified confidence level would prevent the oversizing of systems. From the study, it is suggested that the optimum configuration of the hybrid system can arrive as a trade-off between the overall cost of the system and the acceptable reliability required. The illustrative example demonstrate this and at all reliability levels, the optimum configuration corresponds to an HKT-battery system with three hydrokinetic turbines. For this system, the cost of energy increases by 14.9 as the confidence level increases from 50 to 90 . The reliability levels given by the chance-constrained approach is validated using sequential Monte Carlo simulation. As the reliability of the system increases, its LOLE decreases, and larger capacity systems are planned only for situations where lower values of LOLE are desired.