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Aberration Correction in Electron Microscopy
Published in Orloff Jon, Handbook of Charged Particle Optics, 2017
Ondrej L. Krivanek, Niklas Dellby, Matthew F. Murfitt
Finding workable combinations of controls for adjusting important parasitic aberrations is a major part of getting a corrector to work properly. Without it, it is simply not possible to make the actual performance of a working corrector match the theoretical performance that was predicted with no regard to parasitic aberrations. We call these combinations of controls knobs. For our quadrupole–octupole correctors, we have developed knobs for up to and including fifth-order aberrations. This is typically done by a combination of theoretical insight and practical experience. It is the one area of corrector design that continues to evolve even after a corrector has been built and successfully brought up.
Power Control
Published in Dale R. Patrick, Stephen W. Fardo, Brian W. Fardo, Electrical Power Systems Technology, 2021
Dale R. Patrick, Stephen W. Fardo, Brian W. Fardo
Another common type of switch is the rotary switch. Many different switching combinations can be wired using a rotary switch. The shaft of a rotary switch is attached to sets of moving contacts. When the rotary shaft is turned to different positions, these moving contacts touch different sets of stationary contacts, which are mounted on ceramic segments. The shaft can lock into place in any of several positions. A common type of rotary switch is shown in Figure 15.4. Rotary switches are usually controlled by manually turning the rotary shaft clockwise or counterclockwise. A knob is normally fastened to the end of the rotary shaft to permit easier turning of the shaft.
Power Control
Published in Stephen W. Fardo, Dale R. Patrick, Electrical Power Systems Technology, 2020
Stephen W. Fardo, Dale R. Patrick
Another common type of switch is the rotary switch. Many different switching combinations can be wired using a rotary switch. The shaft of a rotary switch is attached to sets of moving contacts. When the rotary shaft is turned to different positions, these moving contacts touch different sets of stationary contacts, which are mounted on ceramic segments. The shaft can lock into place in any of several positions. A common type of rotary switch is shown in Figure 15-4. Rotary switches are usually controlled by manually turning the rotary shaft clockwise or counterclockwise. A knob is normally fastened to the end of the rotary shaft to permit easier turning of the shaft.
Plan B for Eliminating Mode Confusion: An Interpreter Display
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2021
Figure 1 illustrates a potentially confusing interface presentation. It depicts the airplane during a climb with autopilot and autothrottle engaged using LNAV (lateral navigation) and VNAV (vertical navigation) modes, which are complex control modes that take targets from the FMS flight plan. The airplane leveled off at 15,000 feet when Air Traffic Control (ATC) warned of a traffic conflict. The airplane was then cleared to 31,000 feet (Flight Level (FL)310) by ATC. The pilot dialed 31,000 as shown in the MCP altitude window and at the top of the altitude tape on the right-hand side of the PFD. Thus, the interface presents cues – autopilot engaged, correct altitude target – to indicate the airplane should climb to 31,000. However, the intermediate level off at 15,000 forced VNAV to transition to VNAV ALT, which is a submode of VNAV that is used to hold an altitude. In VNAV ALT, the pilot is required to dial the MCP altitude up to 31,000 and also push on the MCP altitude knob (see arrow in Figure 1) to initiate the climb. As it is presented in Figure 1, the pilot has failed to push the altitude knob and will continue flying at the current altitude of 15,000 feet. The interface does not reveal the need for an additional action, and more to the point, it does not reveal its current altitude target. This is a good illustration of how poorly it conveys its state, generally referred to as the gulf of evaluation (Hutchins et al., 1986). Thus, successful use of the autoflight system relies on the pilot’s mode knowledge, especially around VNAV, to make sense of the interface presentation.
Comparative usability study between two prototype commercial building thermostat interfaces
Published in Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2023
Justin Vezeau, Ruth Tamas, William O’Brien, Philip Agee
Several participants on the experimental thermostat attempted to drag the setpoint knob shown in Figure 8. This method of control was originally attempted using Adobe XD; however, Useberry did not support this type of interaction, so buttons were utilized instead. Buttons, sliders, and knobs or dials are primary methods of thermostat adjustment for existing products. Future research should investigate which of these methods users find the most usable. More broadly, had the study included a possibility for participants to verbally articulate their thought process during their interactions with the thermostats (i.e., think-aloud (Tamas, O'Brien, and Quintero 2021)), the researchers could have gained further insight into the participants’ understanding and logic.
When technology goes out of control
Published in Digital Creativity, 2018
Eleonora Oreggia, Graham White
Cyborg1, the instrument described above, has only two controllers: a switch, which alternates between solar and battery power, and a knob controlling a potentiometer which proportionally increases or decreases the amount of power that is supplied by the battery to the chip. This means that there is a series resistance with the battery because the battery voltage has to flow through a resistor before it gets to the circuit. Ohm’s law says that current through a resistor is accompanied by a voltage drop across the resistor. This means that, as the current drawn from the battery increases, the voltage the circuit sees will get lower (which normally is not a significant effect).