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Investigation of Energy Efficient Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks with Variant Battery Models
Published in Ashish Bagwari, Geetam Singh Tomar, Jyotshana Bagwari, Advanced Wireless Sensing Techniques for 5G Networks, 2018
Vinod Kumar Verma, Surinder Singh, N.P. Pathak
Three energy models are described by generic, mica-mote, and micaZ. The generic energy model uses generic mote boards [49] which consist of four mono audio jacks. These jacks provide a connection to an analog to digital converter and power to a sensor and digital output can be supplied by changing two of the analog to digital control (ADC) ports. The mote board is not a plug and play, so the signal and power pins have to be set accordingly. The mica-mote energy model uses a mica-mote module, that is, MOT300, which is a product of Crossbow Corporation [50]. The mica-mote is a small and low power consuming module used by the researchers for advancement in WSNs and was invented by the UC Berkeley research group [50]. This mote includes an Atmega 103L processor, 916 MHz radio processor, TinyOS distributed software operating system, and an AA (2) battery pack, and the MPR300CA module is based on Atmel ATmega103L. It is a low power microcontroller that uses an internal flash memory for Tiny opearating System (TOS) execution. The specifications include: (i) a base station that allows the aggregation of WSN data onto a personal computer (PC), (ii) any WSN node module can function as a base station, [51] ad specifications are (i) Institute of Electrical anf Electronics Engineer (IEEE) 802.15.4, intensely embedded sensor networks (ii) data rate of 250 kbps (iii) A globally compatible industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) radio band of 2.4–2.8 GHz (iv) each node as router capability (v) extension adapter for light, acceleration, relative humidity (RH), temperature, seismic, acoustic, barometric, magnetic, and other weapon sensor boards. Feeney et al. [52] proposed the following linear equation for the energy consumption in these energy models. Energy=m×size+b
Performance comparison of bluetooth beacon and reverse RFID systems as potential tools for measuring truck travel time in open-pit mines: a simulation experiment
Published in Geosystem Engineering, 2018
Jieun Baek, Yosoon Choi, Chaeyoung Lee, Jihoo Jung
The equipment used to create the reverse RFID system was an Alien Technology ALR-9900 + reader, an MT-92 antenna and ALN-9629 passive tags (see Figure 2(c), (d), (e)). This equipment has received certifications from RFID international standards makers such as EPCglobal, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and it is widely used throughout the world. The ALR-9900 + reader can connect to a maximum of four antenna, which correspond to a single reader. The power transmitted to an antenna can be controlled within a range of 32–1000 mW. The amount of transmitted power can be set differently for each antenna port, which can reduce problems with radio interference and tag recognition errors. The MT-92 antenna is optimized for the 902–928 MHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio band frequency range. The antenna polarization (i.e. the electric field’s polarity direction in relation to the electromagnetic wave’s movement direction) is circular. The input impedance is 50 Ω, and the antenna gain (a function which uses the input power, gathers the radio wave and sends it in a certain direction) is a maximum of 6 dBi. The ALN-9629 passive tag uses the induced current created using the reader’s radio waves, so it does not need a separate power source, and it can be used semi-permanently even in environments that experience large changes in temperature and humidity. Table 1 shows detailed data on the equipment used in this research.