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Wireless Communication
Published in Sunit Kumar Sen, Fieldbus and Networking in Process Automation, 2017
Industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band is an unlicensed band having three bands in its fold and operate in the ranges of 902-928 MHz, 2.4-4.835 GHz, and 5.725-5.850 GHz. Initially, the application areas in these ranges were medical diathermy, microwave ovens, radio frequency (RF) heating, etc. Electromagnetic radiations emanating from operations of these devices can interfere with communications taking place in the same band in the vicinity of the former. Thus, these device operations are contained in certain ranges so that their electromagnetic radiations do not disrupt communications of the others. In recent years, the growing applications in these bands pertain to short-range low-power communications such as Bluetooth devices, near-field devices, cordless phones, and wireless computer networks using local area networks (LANs). The most important application is, however, in wireless sensor networks that use these license- free bands for error-tolerant communications.
Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks
Published in Richard Zurawski, Networked Embedded Systems, 2017
Stefan Dulman, S. Chatterjea, Paul J. M. Havinga
The large majority of already built sensor networks prototypes and most of the envisioned application scenarios assume the use of a radio transceiver as the means for communication. The unlicensed industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band is preferred because it is a free band designed for short-range devices using low-power radios and requiring low data-transmission rates. The modulation scheme used is another important parameter to decide upon. Complex modulation schemes are not preferred because they require important resources (in the form of energy, memory, and computation power). On the other hand, recent technological developments and efforts in standardization make the free 2.4 GHz communication band in combination with Zigbee technology [6] an attractive possibility for sensor networks.
Wireless Mesh Network: Architecture and Protocols
Published in Jonathan Loo, Jaime Lloret Mauri, Jesús Hamilton Ortiz, Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, 2016
Christos K. Zachos, Jonathan Loo, Shafiullah Khan
Two years later, in September 1999, two enhancements on the 802.11 PHY were published. The first one, 802.11a, uses a completely new orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) air interface over the unlicensed national information infrastructure (UNII, 5 GHz) band; it is capable of data rates up to 54 Mbps. The second, 802.11b, is an extension of the original 802.11 DSSS PHY specification. It achieves data rates up to 11 Mbps and it operates in ISM band. Although 802.11b had considerably lower data rates, it became the technology that established 802.11 as the de facto standard in wireless data communications, mainly because of the low price of 802.11b products and the fact that the 5 GHz band was not licensed worldwide, particularly in Europe, by that time.
A Compact On/Off-Body Dual Band Antenna with Modified Ground for Healthcare Applications
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Ankur Utsav, Ritesh Kumar Badhai
The ISM band stands for Industrial, a scientific and medical band that came into existence firstly at the International Telecommunications Conference of the ITU in Atlantic City, in 1947. The most important advantage of the ISM band is that it is an unlicensed band worldwide. Many biological applications employ the ISM band (2.4 GHz) for diagnosis and therapy. We can also operate breast cancer detection and tumor detection on this frequency range. Other biomedical applications, including ECG, EMG, MRI, etc. can also function on the ISM frequency bands [9,10]. The WLAN (5.15-5.825 GHz), Wi-Fi (5 GHz), IEEE 802.11.A, IEEE 802.11, and IEEE 802.16 are other bands efficiently used for various purposes for on-body as well as off-body communication. [10,11,13,17].
Design and Testing of Graphene-Based Screen Printed Antenna on Flexible Substrates for Wireless Energy Harvesting Applications
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Prasanna Ram, N. M. Masoodhu Banu, R. Rachel Jeeva Light
The aim of this study is to design and develop an easy to fabricate, low-cost flexible graphene antenna element for energy harvesting application. For experimentation purposes, we consider the frequency of 2.45 GHz, as it is suitable for ISM Band applications. Circular patch, a simplest structure which is easy to fabricate is chosen. In order to keep the cost of the fabrication low, the microstrip antennas are fabricated using a screen printing technique. Two flexible substrates are chosen for this study which includes wax-coated paper and polyester substrates. For comparison, graphene onFR4 is also considered.
On the Reliability of Industrial Internet of Things from Systematic Perspectives: Evaluation Approaches, Challenges, and Open Issues
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2022
Dong-Seong Kim, Tran-Dang Hoa, Huynh-The Thien
There exists several factors, which cause the unreliability of wireless data communication [68]. First of all, the broadcast nature of radio signals degrades the communication reliability of proximity nodes due to interference. In industrial environment, interference can be classified into two groups: broadband interference and narrow-band interference. The former covers a wide range of frequency bandwidth interfered by electrical and/or electronic devices, and machines [69]. Meanwhile, the latter involves interference in narrower frequency bandwidth, which are caused by crowded frequency band of proximity IWSNs [70,71]. Connected devices, industrial wireless sensors will typically operate in the relevant ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band for industrial zones. In reality, the ISM bands are license-free and have been used for a wide range of industrial applications, which need wireless connectivity to exchange data packets. For example, the frequency of 2.4 GHz is standardized globally and is widely used by Wi-Fi and Bluetooth-enabled devices or wireless sensors such as mobile phone, ZigBee-based wireless sensor nodes. In addition, the ISM also includes an available spectrum portion in 1 GHz bands, which are widely used for IoT applications. Therefore, a large density of nodes (i.e. devices, machines, wireless sensors), which operate in the same ISM band raise critical challenge of wireless communication reliability when multiple devices within a close proximity can be active at the same time and make interference [72–79]. Since the used ISM bands are unregulated the resulting interference renders unreliable communication links or completely disables critical data delivery routes from sensors. Although the IoT devices can equip with interference-blocking ability to mitigate the associated interferes this solution incurs a high cost of installation and deployment [80–82].