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4G and 5G Systems
Published in Hossam Fattah, 5G LTE Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT), 2018
4G cellular technology, known as E-UTRA or LTETM [2], has been introduced in 3GPPTM Release 8 in 2008 as the broadband cellular technology that exceeds IMT-2000 requirements [1]. 4G comes with advanced capabilities and features such as higher peak data rates (300 Mbps on DL and 75 Mbps on UL), improved system capacity and coverage, better spectrum efficiency, low latency, reduced operating costs, multi-antenna support, flexible bandwidth operation, and seamless integration with existing systems. LTE Release 10 (known as LTE-Advanced) was later introduced as the technology that meets IMT-Advanced requirements [3]. LTE-Advanced significantly enhances the LTE Release 8 by supporting bandwidth extension up to 100 MHz through carrier aggregation to support much higher peak rates (1 Gbps in DL and 500 Mbps in UL), higher throughput and coverage, and lower latencies, resulting in a better user experience. In addition, LTE Release 10 supports a higher number of spatial multiplexing (MIMO), coordinated multi-point transmission, and relay nodes. LTE Release 13 (LTE-Advanced-Pro), released in 2016, extends LTE-Advanced to a wide spectrum of new applications and industries which enable new use cases beyond smartphones. Release 13 was the start of pre-5G activities aiming at complementing 5G new services and features.
WiMAX Services: The Future
Published in Amitabh Kumar, Mobile Broadcasting with WiMAX: Principles, Technology, and Applications, 2014
IMT advanced (referred to as 4G) is an ITU initiative to anticipate the roadmap for technology evolution 3 to 5 years in the future and target aggregate bit rates of 100 Mbps in the mobile environment or 1 Gbps in the fixed environment. The criteria and technologies which will enable such performance to be achieved are being defined in the ITU-R working party 8F. It is anticipated that this will be based on the use of OFDMA technologies, although the exact radio interfaces are yet to be defined. The WiMAX Forum is also working, together with the IEEE, toward a further evolution of the IEEE 802.16e-2005 technology standards to be termed as IEEE 802.16 m. It is likely that the 4G technologies will find a convergence of the way OFDMA is used in different technology standards to deliver similar objectives of spectral efficiency, performance, and mix of services in an open environment. 4G also intends to retain the features of global roaming, and smooth handoff across heterogeneous networks and open architectures.
Use of real time localization systems (RTLS) in the automotive production and the prospects of 5G – A literature review
Published in Production & Manufacturing Research, 2022
Christoph Küpper, Janina Rösch, Herwig Winkler
In order to use novel mobile communication technologies, they are standardized by telecommunications development organizations. Otherwise, it is not possible for providers to build systems that communicate with each other. This standardization takes place in two stages. First, an intergovernmental organization sets guidelines in the form of goals, KPIs and schedules. The ‘International Telecommunication Union’ (ITU) is the intergovernmental organization responsible for global telecommunications affairs, founded by the United Nations in 1865. It is responsible for issues involving telephone calls, satellites, and the internet . The ITU covers the general radio system aspects of international mobile telecommunications (IMT) systems, including 3G, 4G, 5G and future generations. It publishes requirements that telecommunications systems should meet in the future. These are, for example, IMT-2000 for 3G, IMT-advanced for 4G and currently IMT-2020 for 5G. It was agreed that if the requirements are met, then this standard can be called a new generation of mobile communications. A comparison of the requirements of IMT-advanced to IMT-2020 can be seen in Figure 8 on the left. Since the characteristics of a system with the requirements given in IMT-2020 can also be used increasingly for industrial purposes, the three areas – eMBB, mMTC and uRLLC – have been subdivided. (ITU, 2020)
A vision of 6G – 5G's successor
Published in Journal of Management Analytics, 2020
On January 18, 2012, ITU formally reviewed and approved the establishment of LTE Advanced and Wireless MAN-Advanced (802.16 m) technical specifications as the IMT-Advanced international standards, representing 4G. Theoretically, the data transmission rate of 4G could reach 100 Mbps, which made the transmitted image clearer and the mobile Internet smoother. 4G adopted OFDM technology, which fundamentally overcame the technical defects of CDMA and simplified the system design. Although the data transmission rate of 4G had already met people's basic needs for video, many requests were not being satisfied. Under the circumstances, 5G was proposed (Guo, 2019; Mucchi et al., 2020; Wang, Sun, Yang, Duan, & Lu, 2020).