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Wireless Networks
Published in Vikas Kumar Jha, Bishwajeet Pandey, Ciro Rodriguez Rodriguez, Network Evolution and Applications, 2023
Vikas Kumar Jha, Bishwajeet Pandey, Ciro Rodriguez Rodriguez
Third generation of mobile communication standards, similar to GSM, was introduced in the year 2000. The use of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission is the main difference between third and second-generation mobile communications. Several features offered by the third-generation mobile are faster communication, high-speed web, increased security, video conferencing, 3D gaming, TV streaming, and so on. It is based on the International Telecommunication Union formulated plan of 2,000 MHz band implementation globally to support a single and ubiquitous wireless standard throughout the world. The implementation plan of the International Telecommunication Union was called as International Mobile Telephone 2000 (IMT-2000) standard. The CDMA systems–based third-generation evolution led to CDMA 2000 standard, which is a family of third-generation mobile technology standards to send voice, data, and signaling between mobile phones and cell sites. Several variants of CDMA 2000 are based on IS-95 and IS95B technologies which were the second-generation standards also known as cdmaOne. The GSM-based third-generation evolution led to wideband CDMA, also called as the Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service.
Introduction to Wireless Networking
Published in K.R. Rao, Zoran S. Bojkovic, Dragorad A. Milovanovic, Wireless Multimedia Communications, 2018
K.R. Rao, Zoran S. Bojkovic, Dragorad A. Milovanovic
IMT-2000 is not a particular technology, but rather a system which should allow seamless, ubiquitous user access to services. The task is to develop a next generation network fulfilling criteria of ubiquitous support for broadband real-time and non-real-time services. The key criteria are: High transmission rates for both indoor and outdoor operational environmentsSymmetric and asymmetric transmission of dataSupport for circuit and packet switched servicesIncreased capacity and spectral efficiencyVoice quality comparable to the fixed line networkGlobal availability, providing roaming between different operational environmentsSupport for multiple simultaneous services to end users
Weak, Good, and Best Industry Practices
Published in Saad Z. Asif, 5G Mobile Communications Concepts and Technologies, 2018
Frequency spectrum is a natural resource, similar to water, land, minerals, and so on. However, it is scarce and costly when it comes to mobile telecommunications. Spectrum is regulated at the country level, which follows the recommendations of ITU-R's WRC. The WRC, which is held every 3–4 years, is mandated to revise the radio regulations and allot radio frequencies for the world. Unlike some natural resources, it is scarce but reusable, thus it can be shared. However, before sharing can start, two steps need to take place, that is, allocation and then assignment*. For example, the 1885–2025 and 2110–2200 MHz frequency bands were allocated to IMT-2000 or 3G on a worldwide basis by WRC-1997 [4]. Following the recommendations of WRC, the 3GPP set 1920–1980/2110–2170 MHz for 3G and, for example, a 2 × 10 MHz (1920–1930/2110–2120 MHz) band can be assigned to an operator within a country for a specific period of time to provide IMT2000 (3G). Once assigned, the operators can share it between themselves if the telecom policy of that specific country allows such spectrum sharing.
Use of real time localization systems (RTLS) in the automotive production and the prospects of 5G – A literature review
Published in Production & Manufacturing Research, 2022
Christoph Küpper, Janina Rösch, Herwig Winkler
In order to use novel mobile communication technologies, they are standardized by telecommunications development organizations. Otherwise, it is not possible for providers to build systems that communicate with each other. This standardization takes place in two stages. First, an intergovernmental organization sets guidelines in the form of goals, KPIs and schedules. The ‘International Telecommunication Union’ (ITU) is the intergovernmental organization responsible for global telecommunications affairs, founded by the United Nations in 1865. It is responsible for issues involving telephone calls, satellites, and the internet . The ITU covers the general radio system aspects of international mobile telecommunications (IMT) systems, including 3G, 4G, 5G and future generations. It publishes requirements that telecommunications systems should meet in the future. These are, for example, IMT-2000 for 3G, IMT-advanced for 4G and currently IMT-2020 for 5G. It was agreed that if the requirements are met, then this standard can be called a new generation of mobile communications. A comparison of the requirements of IMT-advanced to IMT-2020 can be seen in Figure 8 on the left. Since the characteristics of a system with the requirements given in IMT-2020 can also be used increasingly for industrial purposes, the three areas – eMBB, mMTC and uRLLC – have been subdivided. (ITU, 2020)