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Force-System Resultants and Equilibrium
Published in Richard C. Dorf, The Engineering Handbook, 2018
A human-machine system can be broadly defined as an organization of people and the machines they operate and maintain in order to perform assigned jobs that implement the purpose for which the system was developed (Meister, 1987). The human functioning in such a system is described in terms of perception, information processing, decision making, memory, attention, feedback, and human response processes. Furthermore, the human work taxonomy can be used to describe five distinct levels of human functioning, ranging from primarily physical tasks to cognitive tasks (Karwowski and Rodrick, 2001) These basic, but universal, human activities are (1) tasks that produce force (primarily muscular work); (2) tasks of continuously coordinating sensory-monitor functions (e.g., assembling or tracking tasks); (3) tasks of converting information into motor actions (e.g., inspection tasks); (4) tasks of converting information into output information (e.g., required control tasks); and (5) tasks of producing information (primarily creative work). Any task in a human-machine system requires processing of information that is gathered based on perceived and interpreted relationships between system elements. The processed information may need to be stored by either a human or a machine for later use.
The Diminishing Relevance of Human-Machine Interaction
Published in Guy A. Boy, The Handbook of Human-Machine Interaction, 2017
The purpose of human–machine interaction design is to ensure that the tasks of the human–machine system can be accomplished as efficiently and reliably as possible. This type of design depicts the interaction as a well-defined activity, as evidenced by the commonly used formal methods. The three underlying assumptions are that system boundaries are well-defined, internal and external interactions are similar, and that humans and machines are reactive. While these assumptions may be reasonable for tractable systems which only are loosely coupled to their environment, they are not tenable for intractable systems with tight couplings to their environment. In these cases the boundaries are relative to the chosen level of description, and activities of necessity become open-loop. The design of such systems requires the adoption of a larger or more global perspective, and the goals change from maintaining local stability to persistence defined as the ability to absorb change and disturbance and still maintain an effective relationship with the environment.
Reliability and Human Error in Systems
Published in Robert W. Proctor, Van Zandt Trisha, Human Factors in Simple and Complex Systems, 2018
Robert W. Proctor, Van Zandt Trisha
A human–machine system“is a system that involves an interaction between people and other system components, such as hardware, software, tasks, environments, and work structures. The system may be simple, such as a human interacting with a hand tool, or it may be complex, such as an aviation system or a physician interacting with a complex computer display that is providing information about the status of a patient”(Czaja & Nair, 2012, p. 38).
Research on effective recognition of alarm signals in a human–machine system based on cognitive neural experiments
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2023
Yun Teng, Yuwei Sun, Xinlin Chen, Mei Zhang
In the human–machine system, there is a ‘surface’ of interaction between human and machine, and all human–machine information exchanges occur on this surface, which is usually called the human–machine interface. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the problem of the human–computer interface has attracted people’s attention. Many major safety accidents are caused by improper human–machine interface design. Many experiences and lessons have shown that unreasonable human–machine interface design will lead to operator errors and reduce system operation. It can even cause major accidents and cause physical or psychological damage to operators. Many occupational diseases also stem from unreasonable operating environments or work postures [5,6]. Wiggles Worth [7] proposed a human error accident model based on human information processing in 1972. Human error in response to alarm signals is caused by human error in response to stimulus information. Human error is the basis of all types of accidents. Human error means that a person responds to an external stimulus incorrectly or inappropriately. In the process of production operation, all kinds of information constantly act on the operator’s senses and stimulate the operator. If the operator can make a correct response to the stimulus, the accident will not occur. If the operator makes a wrong or improper response, there will be danger [8,9]. The highly automated human–machine interface requires humans to quickly and accurately perceive and recognize visual, auditory and tactile signals. However, the transition from performing tasks to monitoring tasks inhibits the ability of humans to detect key signals and detect warning signals, resulting in human cognitive load increases.