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Evolution of Internet of Things (IoT)
Published in B. B. Gupta, Aakanksha Tewari, A Beginner’s Guide to Internet of Things Security, 2020
In 2011, Nest developed a Wi-Fi-enabled thermostat, which was capable of modifying the atmosphere by monitoring users’ habits. Platforms like Arduino were made more advanced so that they simplify IoT-based simulation for experimentation purposes [10]. In 2014, Amazon released Echo into the smart home domain. The research firm Gartner added IoT to their hype cycle, which is their graph that compares popular technologies. In 2016, Apple showcased HomeKit, which is a proprietary platform for supporting smart home appliance software. During the same year, the first IoT-related malware called Mirai was discovered, which collected default credentials through which it attacked devices using them. In 2017, governments started taking IoT security seriously as a result of several violations [11]. Various countries proposed a ban for hard-coded passwords.
Assessing smart light enabled cyber-physical attack paths on urban infrastructures and services
Published in Connection Science, 2022
Ioannis Stellios, Kostas Mokos, Panayiotis Kotzanikolaou
Smart lighting systems mainly consist of Light Emitting Diode (LED) or Organic LED (OLED) luminaires equipped with sensing capabilities (e.g. ambient light, acoustic, ultrasonic, infrared, location), wireless network interfaces, (e.g. Ethernet, WiFi, Z-Wave, ZigBee Light Link - ZLL) and mobile applications which communicate with cloud services via specific protocols (e.g. If-This-Then-That – IFTTT) to assure interoperability and autonomous operation (Mi et al., 2017). Due to their low production cost, smart lights are considered one of the most widespread IoT technologies. They can be remotely managed via smartphone applications that utilise local and/or remote connectivity through cloud services. Popular manufacturers such as Apple, Amazon and Google utilise control-over-voice command interface (Apple's HomeKit – Siri, Amazon's Echo – Alexa and Google Home) to remotely control IoT devices, smart lighting systems included, with near-future capabilities to incorporate real-time luminosity and spectrum self-adjustment functionality.
Managing the food supply chain in the age of digitalisation: a conceptual approach in the fisheries sector
Published in Production Planning & Control, 2021
Adrian E. Coronado Mondragon, Christian E. Coronado Mondragon, Etienne S. Coronado
In the academic literature it is possible to find examples of researchers addressing the technical aspects of IoT. For example, the work found in Postcapes (2018) provided a list of IoT protocols organised according to the layer they occupy in existing architectural models. These include: Infrastructure (e.g. IPv4/IPv6); Identification (e.g. EPC, uCode, IPv6); Communications/Transport (e.g. WiFi, Bluetooth, LPWAN); Discovery (e.g. Physical Web, mDNS); Data Protocols (e.g. Websocket, Node); Device Management (e.g. TR-069, OMA-DM); Semantic (e.g. JSON-LD, Web Thing Model) and Multi-layer Frameworks (e.g. Alljoyn, IoTivity, Weave, Homekit). The work by Xu, He, and Li (2014) recognised the importance of a sound architecture to support the decentralised and heterogeneous nature of IoT. The researchers indicated that the architectural design of IoT covers a wide range of items including architecture styles, networking and communication, smart objects, Web services and applications, business models and corresponding process, cooperative data processing, security and many more. Furthermore, they proposed a four-layer approach to achieve interoperability between heterogeneous devices. These comprise: (a) a sensing layer where wireless smart systems such as sensors have the ability to sense and exchange data among different devices; (b) a networking layer which makes possible to connect all things together and to exchange information between them; (c) a service layer based on middleware technology making possible the integration of services and applications in IoT and also processes all service-oriented issues, including information exchange and storage, data management, search engines, and communication; and (d) an interface layer which contains a number of specifications that enable displaying information to the user while interacting with the system. Using a similar approach, Bi, Xu, and Wang (2014) developed a three-layer model comprising of an IoT platform, IoT application, and IoT industry solutions for the purpose of analysing the requirements of manufacturing and how it can benefit from the adoption of IoT infrastructure.