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X-Ray Astronomy
Published in V. L. Ginzburg, Oleg Glebov, Applications of Electrodynamics in Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, 2017
Processes producing X-ray and gamma-ray emissions. Definition of the parameters used in X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy. X-ray bremsstrahlung emission of a nonrelativistic ionized gas (plasma). Bremsstrahlung emission by relativistic electrons and bremsstrahlung (radiative) energy losses. Scattering of relativistic electrons by photons (inverse Compton effect). Compton energy losses. Synchrotron X-ray emission. Comparison of theoretical prediction and observational results
Commercial Space Technologies
Published in Mohammad Razani, Commercial Space Technologies and Applications, 2018
The European Space Research Organization (ESRO) was founded in 1964. France, Britain, and Germany were its leading contributors with seven other initial members: Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Spain, and Switzerland. ESRO’s main purpose was to coordinate European space policy and direct research efforts for the peaceful uses of space. Over the following 10 years, the organization developed seven scientific satellites—four that studied the Earth’s upper atmosphere and aurorae (the northern and southern lights), two that studied the Earth’s magnetic field and the solar wind, and an orbiting ultraviolet observatory. In order to be able to launch their own satellites, the European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO) was set up to coordinate its development. In May 1975, the European powers united all their joint space efforts in a single new organization—the ESA. One of the first satellites launched under the new ESA organization was the gamma-ray astronomy observatory COS-B. The first detailed views of the universe in gamma-rays were provided by the ESA’s mission COS-B along with NASA’s SAS-2. Launched on August 9, 1975, COS-B was originally projected to last 2 years, but it operated successfully for 6 years and 8 months and provided the first complete map of the galaxy in gamma rays. Since its formation in 1975, ESA has become a major player in the commercial launch industry. It has also developed many ground-breaking satellites and probes and sent astronauts into space in collaboration with another space launcher called Vega for smaller payloads. The organization has also grown in membership from initially 10–17 now. ESA developed a successful series of remote-sensing satellites. Earth Resource Satellite, ERS-1, was among the first to carry powers. ESA developed Ariane 1–5 and is presently developing a solid rocket.
Space Technology
Published in Mohammad Razani, Information, Communication, and Space Technology, 2017
The European Space Research Organization (ESRO) was founded in 1964. France, Britain, and Germany were its leading contributors with seven other initial members: Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Spain, and Switzerland. ESRO’s main purpose was to coordinate European space policy and direct research efforts for the peaceful uses of space. Over the following 10 years, the organization developed seven scientific satellites—four that studied the Earth’s upper atmosphere and aurorae (the northern and southern lights), two that studied the Earth’s magnetic field and the solar wind, and an orbiting ultraviolet observatory. In order to be able to launch their own satellites, the European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO) was set up to coordinate its development. In May 1975, the European powers united all their joint space efforts in a single new organization—the European Space Agency (ESA). One of the first satellites launched under the new ESA organization was the gamma-ray astronomy observatory COS-B. The first detailed views of the universe in gamma-rays were provided by the ESA’s mission COS-B along with NASA’s SAS-2. Launched on August 9, 1975, COS-B was originally projected to last 2 years, but it operated successfully for 6 years and 8 months and provided the first complete map of the galaxy in gamma-rays. Since its formation in 1975, ESA has become a major player in the commercial launch industry. It has also developed many groundbreaking satellites and probes and sent astronauts into space in collaboration with another space launcher called Vega for smaller payloads. The organization has also grown in membership from initially 10 to 17 now. ESA developed a successful series of remote-sensing satellites. Earth Resource Satellite, ERS-1, was among the first to carry powers. ESA developed Ariane 1 through 5 and is presently developing a solid rocket. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR), which was followed by ERS-2 and Envisat, carries an array of instruments to monitor climate change.
Correlation Method of 3-D Detection of Distant Sources of Gamma Radiation and Neutrinos by Intensity Interferometry
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2023
V. I. Vysotskii, V. D. Rusov, T. N. Zelentsova, M. V. Vysotskyy, V. P. Smolyar
Further progress in the creation of such position-sensitive facilities for the detection of remote γ sources has been connected with the formation of a system of several spatially separated telescopes (e.g., the High-Energy-Gamma-Ray Astronomy or HEGRA observatory). There is a tendency to create global arrays of Cherenkov telescopes, which are planned to be located in the southern and northern hemispheres to detect sources of hard gamma radiation in the range from 10 GeV to 100 TeV.1–5 These methods and systems are not suitable for moderate- and low-energy particles. For γ quanta with a lower frequency, there are special methods for processing the data obtained during their registration.6–8