China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Images and Image Display
Published in Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton, William Perrizo, Space Image Processing, 2018
Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton, William Perrizo
Facsimile machines (FAX) are used in transmitting alphanumeric characters and graphics image data over telephone lines. Several compression protocols have been devised for facsimile transmission. The International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT), based in Geneva, Switzerland, has standardized several data compression protocols for use in facsimile equipment. The TIFF convention has adapted the CCITT standards for the storage of image data in computer systems. Notice that the actual compression algorithm used in CCITT is a variation of a method developed by David A. Huffman in the fifties. The CCITT method, which is quite efficient for scanned and dithered images, is elaborate and difficult to implement.
Communication Network at a Glance
Published in Vikas Kumar Jha, Bishwajeet Pandey, Ciro Rodriguez Rodriguez, Network Evolution and Applications, 2023
Vikas Kumar Jha, Bishwajeet Pandey, Ciro Rodriguez Rodriguez
There are numerous and uncountable use cases of data communication in our daily life as it is so much related with our day-to-day activities. Some of the use cases have been listed below: Emails: Emails have got much importance in our daily life. The term electronic mail became popular as “email” with the intention of emulating the physical letter to be presented digitally and can be shared through computer systems over a network. Enterprises are using business emails very commonly and provide it to their employees to have business communications among themselves and with the customers. Email communication also provides the feature to attach several documents that is again a very useful use case of data communication.Instant Messaging: It is another popular use case of the data communication in present that provides real-time messaging facility over the Internet, also popular as Instant Messaging technology. Examples are the chat services from several social apps available like Facebook messenger, WhatsApp, WeChat, Viber, and so on. Many of the enterprises are providing Instant Messaging based platforms to the employees for the communication among the employees.Voice Communication: Voice calls are the most common and essential use case of the data communication that has now multiple technologies, platform, and media available to support. It provides the capability of speaking with someone through technology supporting audio communication in the real time.Video Communication: Video calling and video conferencing are other very common and important use cases of communication, and technology innovations have worked to make it more and more convenient, cheaper, and useful.Text Messaging or Short Messaging Service: Short messaging service is yet an important use case of data communication and is one of the oldest and widely used text messaging technologies.Facsimile Communication: Facsimile or Fax is the communication method that uses telephone lines to transmit the scanned image of the printed document that is further to be reproduced at the receiving end by connecting the output of the telephone lines to a printer.
F
Published in Philip A. Laplante, Comprehensive Dictionary of Electrical Engineering, 2018
FDMA the presence and direction of a fault, thus allowing the defect to be located. fault kva fault kilovolt-amps (kva) is the fault level expressed in terms of volt-amps rather than amps. One advantage of using volt-amps rather than amps is that the same flow is experienced on both sides of a transformer when expressed in volt-amps, while the flow changes due to the transformer turns ratio when it is expressed in amps. Volt-amps for a three-phase fault are expressed as 1.73 × rms line-line voltage × rms symmetrical fault current. Volt-amps for a single phase fault are defined as 1.73 × rms line-line voltage × rms symmetrical current in the faulted phase. fault latency the length of time between the occurrence of a fault and the appearance of an error. fault masking a technique that hides the effects of faults with the use of redundant circuitry or information. fault mva fault megavolt-amps (mva) is the fault level expressed in terms of volt-amps rather than amps. One advantage of using volt-amps rather than amps is the same flow is experienced on both sides of a transformer when expressed in volt-amps, while the flow changes due to the transformer turns ratio when it is expressed in amps. Volt-amps for a three-phase fault are expressed as 1.73 × rms line-line voltage × rms symmetrical fault current. Volt-amps for a single phase fault are defined as 1.73 × rms line-line voltage× rms symmetrical current in the faulted phase. fault prevention any technique or process that attempts to eliminate the possibility of having a failure occur in a hardware device or software routine. fault resistance the resistance that occurs at the point of fault due to voltage drop across an arc or due to other resistance in the fault path. fault secure pertaining to a circuit, with respect to a set of faults, if and only if for any fault in this set, and any valid input code the output is a non-code or correct code (the output is never an invalid code). The circuit is considered to operate properly if the output is a code word. fault simulation an empirical method used to determine how faults affect the operation of the circuit and how much testing is required to obtain the desired fault coverage. fault tolerance correct execution of a specified function in a circuit (system), provided by redundancy despite faults. The redundancy provides the information needed to negate the effects of faults. fault tree the identification and analysis of conditions and factors that cause or contribute to the occurrence of a defined undesirable event, usually one that significantly affects system performance, economy, safety, or other required characteristics. fault-tolerant control system a system that exhibits stability and acceptable performance in the presence of component faults (failures) or large changes in the system that resemble failures. fax abbreviation for a machine that makes and transmits facsimiles. See facsimile. FCA FCEV See fixed channel assignment. See fuel cell electric vehicle.
How does information sharing affect first-tier suppliers’ flexibility? Evidence from the automotive industry in Sweden
Published in Production Planning & Control, 2018
Nidal Yousef Dwaikat, Arthur H. Money, Hooshang M. Behashti, Esmail Salehi-Sangari
This study investigates two types of shared information: demand forecasts and inventory data. Demand forecasts refer to production schedules and customer orders of final products (i.e. vehicles). Demand forecasts represent data on demand schedules and quantities over different time horizons. Depending on the product and industry, demand forecasts can be seasonal, causal or stable. Forecasts can also be short term, midterm or long term. Inventory data refer to the inventory level, safety stock, work-in-process and buffers of the input materials (i.e. parts and components). Sharing demand forecast and inventory data is usually accomplished through EDI, email or fax. According to Zhou and Bentonjr (2007, 1351), ‘high performing firms had a higher percentage of information exchanged via EDI with customers and suppliers’.
Iot in supply chain management: a narrative on retail sector sustainability
Published in International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 2021
Tharaka de Vass, Himanshu Shee, Shah J. Miah
As technologies progressed, retailers have gradually internalised traditional ICT such as telephone, fax, email, bar codes, RFID, EDI, and ERP to support their logistics functions (Vanpoucke, Vereecke, and Muylle 2017). However, they must be wondering how the emerging IoT can enhance business values. Further, they are constrained and cannot decide on the appropriate technologies because of the limited knowledge and lack of experience in IoT deployment in enterprises (Nabeeh et al. 2019). This study contributes to bridging this gap by providing real-life insights from IoT users among Australian retailers. IoT technology (RFID being the earlier form) is not new in logistics, and the tracking and tracing of goods using ICT (i.e. GPS) have been around for years. However, what is new today is the availability of various forms of IoT technologies with better business value-add. The emerging IoT in the form of sensors, actuators, smart mobile, and near field communicators can facilitate connectivity, security, event monitoring, and advanced analytics for business intelligence. This is benefiting retail logistics operations, suppliers, and customers. Therefore, smart supply chains powered by IoT technologies offer a practical tool for retailers and helps in further proliferation of IoT in this space. This proliferation not only improves sustainability but also captures in-depth information that may help further evaluate the improvement (Abdel-Basset et al. 2019a). With retail being at the forefront of IoT digitalisation (Balaji and Roy 2017), it may lose the competitive edge if adoption decisions are delayed. Further, IoT being massive in its potential and disruptive nature, its functionalities are considered as an extension of the previous ICT. However, the earlier technologies are overly computer-based (e.g. robotics, computer-integrated manufacturing, and design, actuators, and sensors), whereas the IoT technologies, in contrast, are characterised by machine-to-machine communication indicating its presence over Internet-based systems. In this Internet-centric paradigm shift, the retailers can see object-to-object and object-to-human communication where more data can be stored, analysed, and communicated for real-time intelligence. For instance, a fully functional IoT based system prototype can be designed using the design science research (Miah, Gammack, and McKay 2019) as a demonstrative solution case for addressing the Industry 4.0 demands. Therefore, the findings may serve as a piece of concrete evidence and inspire practicing managers, industry associations, and policymakers to speed up spending in IoT adoption decisions and related policy. Ultimately, this technology enhancement may better serve the customer at a lower cost while preserving the environment and up-keeping social aspects.