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FTTH Standards, Deployments, and Issues
Published in Partha Pratim Sahu, Advances in Optical Networks and Components, 2020
Fiber-to-the-X (FTTX, X is home/curb/building) is used for broadband access. There are two services: cable TV [1] and plain old telephone service (POTS) using FTTX equipment [2]. “Fiber-to-the-Home” (FTTH) is a communication architecture in which a communication path is established from optical fiber cables to an optical line terminal (OLT) unit located in telecommunications operator’s switching setup connecting to optical network terminal (ONT). The above two services were provided by two separate architectures. The arrival of high-bandwidth WWW using FTTX has made easy home data communication services along with TV and telephone [3]. The diverse type of traffic flowing through the Internet demands constant bandwidth for quality-of-service (QoS) of transmission. The transmission system is made to give a best-effort service by statistical multiplexing. The data rates range from 100 Mbit/s to 10 Gbit/s in LANs, but MANs and WANs need broadband access having a range in 100 Kbit/s to a few Mbit/s. It is evident from literature that no other technologies other than optical fiber can provide very high bandwidth and optical fiber becomes the ideal medium for high-bandwidth access to integrated services in the networks. In this direction, the FTTX technology such as FTTH has been focused for accessing high-bandwidth services.
Optical Access Architecture
Published in Partha Pratim Sahu, Fundamentals of Optical Networks and Components, 2020
The access networks bring fiber to the home with FTTx models – Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) [22], Fiber-to-the-Curb (FTTC) [26], Fiber-to-the-Building (FTTB) [26], etc. These models offer the access bandwidths to end users. These technologies provide fiber directly to the home or very near to the home. The FTTx models are mainly based on the PON. The major developments on PON in recent years are EPON, APON, GFP-PON and WDM-PON which are discussed in this section.
VCSEL-based differential modulation technique for high-speed gigabit passive optical networks
Published in Journal of Modern Optics, 2019
G. M. Isoe, S. Wassin, E.K. Rotich Kipnoo, A. W. R. Leitch, T. B. Gibbon
High-speed optical fibre-based broadband services such as fibre-to-the-X (FTTX) have seen bandwidth demand grow exponentially over the last decade. To meet this demand, the signalling rates as defined by Ethernet standards (IEEE 802.3) and fibre channel (ANSI X3.T11) have seen transformation in commercially deployed passive optical networks (PON) increase from 1 Gbps-based PON in the early 2000s (1), to more than 25 Gbps today. Gigabit passive optical networks (GPONs) such as 10 Gbps-based PON have already been made available for practical large-scale market commercialization (2). As a follow up on this, the next generation PON2 has already been standardized as for instance 40 Gbps-based PON (3). However, with the anticipation growth in bandwidth demand by emerging applications such as fixed-mobile towards convergence of fifth generation era (5G), standards covering higher data rates such as 100G Ethernet PON and beyond have attracted much research attention (4,5) lately.