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Energy Markets’ Risks
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Global Energy Market Trends, 2021
The most affected areas on Earth, affected by solar flares and CMEs, extend from the Northeastern U.S., to the East Coast, into the Gulf of Mexico, and into Central and South America. The U.S. and other Western countries are technologically advanced societies, with complex and critical infrastructures run by electronics, so the space events bring another risk element. This danger takes on an added importance, since our national grid system and its components (all of which most of us take for granted and cannot live without) are already quite vulnerable. A large electromagnetic pulse (EMP), can fry the unprotected grid, and its substations, transformers, thousands of electrical components and automated control systems.
Assuring Cyber Security
Published in Clark W. Gellings, Smart Grid Planning and Implementation, 2020
An electromagnetic pulse (EMP) refers to a very intense pulse of electromagnetic energy, typically caused by detonation of a nuclear or other high-energy explosive device. HEMP is an EMP detonated at high altitude to produce more widespread effects (an EMP, as opposed to HEMP, can cause more localized but still significant impacts). The HEMP from a high-yield gamma ray weapon can in principle impact the functionality of power grids, communication infrastructures, computing and electronic processing systems, and ground transportation systems dependent on microprocessors or embedded electrical systems that are susceptible to the disruptive effects of large EM perturbations.
System design
Published in Sven Ruin, Göran Sidén, Small-Scale Renewable Energy Systems, 2019
An electromagnetic pulse (EMP) could be caused, for example, by a solar storm or nuclear explosion. It could damage, for example, electronic equipment, including power electronics and control systems in small-scale renewable energy systems. EMP testing or protection is probably an area that needs more attention, especially for systems that are intended to function during an emergency.
High-sensitivity and spatial resolution transient magnetic and electric field probes for transcranial magnetic stimulator characterizations
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2018
Qinglei Meng, Michael Daugherty, Prashil Patel, Sudhir Trivedi, Xiaoming Du, Elliot Hong, Fow-Sen Choa
The second approach to measure induced electric field is to build up small elements of dipole. Hart and Wood[8] showed that much smaller displacement of tissue would be achieved in field measurement using dipole probes. They could also significantly improve the measurement sensitivity under low-frequency TMS driving pulses. However, their dipole probes were easily interfered by electric and magnetic fields in the environment. Some recent studies reported similar results. Salinas, Lancaster, and Fox used wire tips (open circuit) together with wire loops (short circuit) to scan TMS with different shapes and achieved vector plots of induced electric field.[9,10] Lin and Wang in 2011 designed a high-dynamic range electric field senor based on domain inverted electro-optic (E-O) polymer Y-fed directional coupler for electromagnetic pulse detection.[11] The sensor they designed detected electric field between 16.7 V/m and 750 kV/m and a large dynamic range of power from 1.04 W/m2 to 2.09 × 109 W/m2.
Robot-assisted transcranial magnetic stimulation using hybrid position/force control
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2020
Prakarn Jaroonsorn, Paramin Neranon, Pruittikorn Smithmaitrie, Charoenyutr Dechwayukul
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was firstly proposed more than 30 years ago. It is a non-invasive technique for studying human brain-behaviour using a pulsed magnetic field [1]. TMS is an excellent inventional tool. It has been commonly utilized in brain physiology and used as a therapeutic tool in remedy psychiatric and neurological disorders such as depression [2], Parkinson’s disease [3], etc. The principle of TMS is to stimulate a specific area of the brain through electromagnetic pulse induced by a rapidly changing magnetic field, as shown in Figure 1(a) [4].
Analysis of SAR reduction to human head with plasma photonic crystals shield using ICCG-SFDTD method
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2021
Da-Jie Song, Yun Zhang, Jin Xie, Yu-Jie Liu, Hong-Wei Yang
Human head models are commonly utilized for RF dosimetry in bioelectromagnetic safety research of various devices including mobile phones (15,16) and MRI (11–14). Calculation of SAR from electromagnetic radiation in the human head model using the traditional FDTD algorithm was reported previously (17–19). Software is still the primary means to estimate the power deposition in the organism under the MRI system (20,21). However, the novel incomplete Cholesky conjugate gradient (ICCG)-based SFDTD (ICCG-SFDTD) algorithm has not been used for the study of electromagnetic-biomedical protection, which needs high precision in electromagnetic modelling and simulation. The ICCG-SFDTD algorithm meets the requirements; in addition, it can reduce computation time and memory consumption. Although protection of electronic equipment under a strong electromagnetic pulse environment by utilizing microwave-absorbing characteristics of plasma has been proposed (22,23), and studies of safety in the human head model at a security line has been reported (11,24), measures to protect organisms from electromagnetic radiation have rarely been studied. Plasma photonic crystals (25,26) are an artificial periodic structure composed of plasma and medium or vacuum, which not only has the dispersive and dissipative properties of plasma but also retains characteristics that plasma does not exhibit. Therefore, we use the plasma photonic crystals as a protective layer of the human head for electromagnetic waves in the ultra-high-field MRI system. We calculate and compare the SAR and electric field values among three human head models, i.e. without the shield, with the plasma shield and with plasma photonic crystals shield using the ICCG-SFDTD algorithm. The study is anticipated to provide technical guidance for the design of plasma photonic crystals shield.