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Motor Cooling
Published in Wei Tong, Mechanical Design and Manufacturing of Electric Motors, 2022
Liquid immersion cooling becomes very popular today in electronic cooling applications. The first computer designed to be directly cooled by a liquid was Cray-2 supercomputer, back to 1985. Since it used a dielectric coolant that does not conduct electricity, the supercomputer could be submerged in the coolant without causing any short circuit. In addition, because the dielectric coolant has much better thermophysical properties than air, it offers the prospect of dramatically more energy-efficient cooling than those in the conventional air cooling approaches. Besides high cooling efficiency, the potential benefits of liquid immersion cooling include the high cooling capacity, temperature uniformity, reliability, and not needing to power internal fans/pumps to assist fluid cooling flows. Compared with air cooling techniques, liquid immersion cooling can help design much more dense devices without the need for flow aisles.
State-of-the-art in the mechanistic modeling of the drying of solids: A review of 40 years of progress and perspectives
Published in Drying Technology, 2023
Patrick Perré, Romain Rémond, Giana Almeida, Pedro Augusto, Ian Turner
We must keep in mind that the advancement in the solution of the macroscopic formulation is due to two important factors. The first is undoubtedly a result of the substantial increased computing power that has become available over this period. For example, in 1985, the supercomputer Cray-2 had a power of 1.9 GFlops (Giga = 109, Flops = floating point operations per second) and in 2022 the No. 1 system of the actual TOP500 (release of June 2022) has a peak power over one EFlops (Exa = 1018). Regarding processors for personal computers, the Intel 386 launched in 1985 was incapable of reaching one MFlops (Mega = 106). Nowadays, the most powerful processors reach the TFlop (Tera = 1012) range, and this figure is much higher for GPUs (of this order of 100 TFlops). In both cases, it is about a hundred million-fold increase in computing power over four decades.