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Advanced Architecture Computers
Published in Hojjat Adeli, Supercomputing in Engineering Analysis, 2020
Supercomputers are by definition the fastest and most powerful general-purpose scientific computing systems available at any given time. They offer speed and capacity significantly greater than mainframe computers, defined as top-of-the-range widely available machines built primarily for commercial use. The term supercomputer became prevalent in the early 1960s, with the development of the CDC 6600. That machine, first marketed in 1963, boasted a performance of 1 Mflop (millions of floating-point operations per second).
Uniprocessor Computers
Published in Vivek Kale, Parallel Computing Architectures and APIs, 2019
Supercomputers are a category of exceedingly powerful computer systems specifically designed for scientific, engineering, and business applications requiring extremely high speeds for massive numeric computations. Supercomputers use the parallel processing architectures of interconnected microprocessors (which can execute many parallel instructions). They can easily perform arithmetic calculations at speeds of billions of floating-point operations per second (gigaflops)—a floating-point operation is a basic computer arithmetic operation, such as addition, on numbers that include a decimal point. Supercomputers that can calculate in trillions of floating-point operations per second (teraflops), which use massively parallel processing (MPP) designs of thousands of microprocessors, are now in use.
Force-System Resultants and Equilibrium
Published in Richard C. Dorf, The Engineering Handbook, 2018
In the old days, there were three major categories of computer: mainframe computer, minicomputer, and microcomputer. Generally, mainframe computers were made from discrete components, minicomputers made significant use of very large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits, and microcomputers used single-chip VLSI circuits for the CPU. No one speaks much of mainframe or minicomputers anymore. Modern computers are more likely to be categorized as supercomputers, workstations, or microcomputers. Supercomputers are special-purpose computers designed for scientific applications (e.g., number crunching) and are typically the fastest computers available today. Workstations are used as servers and high-end personal computers. Microcomputers generally fall into two classes: personal computers designed for use primarily by a single user and special-purpose computers designed to do a particular function, such as control a home appliance or a scientific instrument [4].
Security enhancement and analysis of images using a novel Sudoku-based encryption algorithm
Published in Journal of Information and Telecommunication, 2023
Kanaad Deshpande, Junaid Girkar, Ramchandra Mangrulkar
With such a large key space, brute-forcing the algorithm will take up a lot of time even with a fast computer, which is the requirement of a good encryption technique (Phan, 2004). As of July 2022, the world's fastest supercomputer is the Hewlett Packard Enterprise Frontier with a processing speed of 1.102 exaflops per second. For an image of pixels with n = 100 encryption rounds, the total possible combinations of the keys would be combinations. Dividing the number of possible combinations by the processing speed, we get seconds which is approximately equal to years.
Solving the Neutron Transport Equation for Microreactor Modeling Using Unstructured Meshes and Exascale Computing Architectures
Published in Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2023
William C. Dawn, Scott Palmtag
The successor to the Summit supercomputer at ORNL is the Frontier supercomputer, which reached full capability in May 2022. Compared to the 200 petaFLOPS (200 x 1015 FLOPS) of Summit, Frontier has demonstrated a peak performance of 1.1 exaFLOPS (1.1 x 1018 FLOPS). That is, the throughput of Frontier is more than five times that of Summit. As of the time of this publication, Frontier is the fastest supercomputer in the world.8 The Frontier supercomputer is constructed of a series of nodes, each with a single AMD EPYCTM CPU and four AMD InstinctTM MI250X GPUs (Refs. 9 and 10). Notably, each MI250X on Frontier provides 128 GB of GPU memory for a total of 512 GB of GPU memory per node.11 A single Frontier node contains more than five times the GPU memory of a single Summit node. While MEZCAL has been initially developed for the Summit architecture, the Frontier architecture will introduce the possibility of larger and faster computations. Unfortunately, at the time these results were prepared the Frontier supercomputer was not yet available.
Recent developments in the application of machine-learning towards accelerated predictive multiscale design and additive manufacturing
Published in Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2023
Sandeep Suresh Babu, Abdel-Hamid I. Mourad, Khalifa H. Harib, Sanjairaj Vijayavenkataraman
One of the earliest applications of computers in predicting the behaviour of structural compositions based on fundamental physics (Pople 1999) was by John People-using a programme named Gaussian 70 that could perform ab-initio calculations. His efforts made quantum chemistry accessible to a broader reach of experimental chemists. With the advent of supercomputers and advanced algorithms, more investments and improvements were made in computational investigations in science and engineering. The advancements in computational chemistry and material science involving high-throughput calculations gave researchers the option to have predictive capabilities for developing many compounds as part of a single study. One of the techniques used to calculate structural behaviour is density functional theory (DFT) (Hohenberg and Kohn 1964; Kohn and Sham 1965). This led to the establishment of databases covering known and notional systems, including single crystals, metal alloys (Hachmann et al. 2011; Jain et al. 2013; Calderon et al. 2015), organic and inorganic crystals.