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Analog Circuit Cells
Published in Wai-Kai Chen, Analog and VLSI Circuits, 2018
Kenneth V. Noren, John Choma, J. Trujillo, David G. Haigh, Bill Redman-White, Rahim Akbari-Dilmaghani, Mohammed Ismail, Shu-Chuan Huang, Chung-Chih Hung, Trond Saether
To the extent that the common-base amplifier is excited from a signal current source and that the forward Early resistance of the utilized transistor is very large, the common-base amplifier is seen to have almost unity current gain, very low input resistance, and infinitely large output resistance. Its transfer characteristics therefore approximate those of an ideal current buffer. Of course, the finite nature of the forward Early resistance renders the observable driving point output resistance of a common-base cell large, but nonetheless finite. The actual output resistance can be determined as the Vx to Ix ratio in the ac schematic diagram of Figure 2.27a. The requisite analysis is algebraically cumbersome owing to the presence of ro in shunt with the current-controlled current source in the equivalent circuit of Figure 2.25c. Fortunately, however, an actual circuit analysis can be circumvented by a proper interpretation of cognate common-emitter results formulated earlier.
Thermal performance of a flat-plate solar collector using aqueous colloidal dispersions of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with different outside diameters
Published in Experimental Heat Transfer, 2022
Wail Sami Sarsam, S. N. Kazi, A. Badarudin
Using ultrafine solid particles in the range of millimeters or micrometers suspended in the base fluid was an innovative idea for enhancing the thermal conductivity of common heat transfer fluids [1–3]. However, there were some negative effects, such as the low stability of the suspensions that resulted in the blockage of flow channels. Nanofluids, i.e., suspensions of nanosized particles (1–100 nm in a common base fluid, have latterly revealed to be more stable than micrometer-sized particle suspensions with higher thermal conductivity and better rheological properties [4]. The expression “nanofluid” was first utilized by Choi in 1995 [5]. Since then, the number of publications in the field of nanofluids is constantly increasing and covers different topics, such as colloidal stability, thermophysical properties, and heat transfer performance [4, 6–8].
Vibration performance improvement of D/G-set employing inerter-rubber vibration isolator
Published in Journal of Marine Engineering & Technology, 2021
Huabing Wen, Yang Li, Kun Zhang, Yue Liu, Chengwei Chang
Figure 1 shows the anti-vibration system of 5DK-20, it includes a D/G-set, a common base and eight vibration isolators. The coordinate origin is selected on the centre of gravity of the system. The x-axis (longitudinal) coincided with the axial direction of crankshaft, and the free end direction of the diesel engine is chosen as its positive direction. The width and height direction of the diesel engine are respectively set to the direction of the y-axis (transverse) and z-axis (vertical). Moreover, Rx (roll), Ry (pitch) and Rz (yaw) respectively represent the direction of rotation around the three axes, and α, β, γ represent the rotation angle of Rx, Ry, Rz, respectively. In addition, the system parameters are illustrated in Table 1.
Design and Analysis of 30 GHz CMOS Low-Noise Amplifier for 5G Communication Applications
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
K. Dineshkumar, Gnanou Florence Sudha
In [19], the LNA schematic of a three-stage, the single-ended cascode design is implemented for 75–91 GHz. To achieve high gain, good isolation, robustness, and variation in the model, the cascode topology is proposed in that design. This design is implemented in the 0.65 µm CMOS technology with a gain and noise figure (NF) that measures 15 and 6.4 dB, respectively. An LNA with a two-stage single-ended design was presented in [20], in which a common-base amplifier is the first stage and a common-emitter cascode amplifier is the second stage. The design amplifies the signal with a gain of 8 dB and NF is < 5 dB. The LNA with improved gm linearization is designed in [21] and an LNA design with wideband input matching and noise cancellation is presented in [22,23]. A wideband cascaded LNA [24] is designed for the 3 dB bandwidth that provides a gain of 10.7 dB and a noise figure of 4.5–5.6 dB for 29 GHz. In [25], a multiband and multi-tunable cascode LNA for 28 GHz is designed that attains a gain of 17.4 dB with a noise figure of 4 dB. An ultra-wideband LNA is presented [26] in the 45 nm technology for 24-44 GHz which has a gain of 20 dB and a noise figure of 4.7 dB. A three-stage multi-band LNA is designed in [27] with a noise figure of 4 dB and a gain of 23 dB at the 28–38 GHz frequency range. A multi-band low-noise amplifier [28] is designed for 5G communication that employs a single-input wideband matching circuit providing a noise figure of 3.8 to 4.9 dB and a gain of 8.5–12.5 dB in 0.316 mm2 area. A two-stage low-noise amplifier, which comprises common-gate and common-drain stages, has been designed in a 45 nm CMOS process that achieves a gain of 15.7 dB and a noise figure of 3.2 dB at a 28 GHz frequency range [29].