China
Africa
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Identity Claims in High Assurance
Published in Kevin E. Foltz, William R. Simpson, Enterprise Level Security 2, 2020
Kevin E. Foltz, William R. Simpson
The credentials for persons provide additional protections. A personal information number (PIN) is used as a second authentication measure. Although a PIN is a weak authentication tool, it is useful when authenticating a single person for a single PIV Card or Common Access Card (CAC), used by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) to provide two-factor authentication. Other methods include fingerprints, eye scans, or other biometrics as an additional factor and measure of authenticity. These additional factors could be built into the CAC or PIV device itself, or the pertinent information could be stored on the CAC or PIV, and the device accessing the CAC or PIV could send live biometric data to the CAC or PIV for comparison. See Chapter 4 for a discussion of how multi-factor authentication is taken into account.
Using data and technology to integrate mobility modes in low-income cities
Published in Transport Reviews, 2021
Dana Yanocha, Jacob Mason, Jonas Hagen
Technology innovations have been used to simplify and integrate payments within the transportation sector and beyond in several HIC and MIC cities. For example, in Chicago, radio frequency identification (RFID) technology enables a common access card and payment account (branded as ‘Ventra’) to be used on Chicago Transit Authority buses and trains, commuter trains, and commuter buses (Sung, 2014). In certain markets, third-party apps, like Transit, enable users to purchase public transport and bikeshare trips directly within the app (Brakewood, Ghahramani, Peters, Kwak, & Sion, 2017). Finally, while not exclusive to the transportation sector, China’s trend toward cashless (and credit card-less) payments has been heavily supported by mobile payment platforms (Lu, 2018). These platforms, such as Alipay and Wechat Pay use quick response (QR) codes to charge users’ accounts. QR codes have been emerging in taxis, buses, bikeshare, and carshare for easy, integrated payment from a single account across these modes (Lu, 2018).