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Battery-Free Wireless Sensors for Healthcare and Food Quality Monitoring
Published in George K. Knopf, Amarjeet S. Bassi, Smart Biosensor Technology, 2018
Bradley D. Nelson, Salil Sidharthan Karipott, Samerender Nagam Hanumantharao, Smitha Rao, Keat Ghee Ong
Furthermore, bioanalytical chemistry and bioelectronics have benefited from having sensors and electrode surfaces enhanced by nanostructures that are comparable in size to the molecules of interest. The chemical stability and biocompatibility of gold nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes with their added electrical conductivity have been demonstrated for glucose sensing (Cash & Clark 2010). In particular, 1.4-nm gold nanocrystals functionalized with the redox co-factor flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) were immobilized on gold electrodes for reconstitution of apo-glucose oxidase with an electron-transfer turnover rate of approximately 5000 per second reported (Xiao et al. 2003). Another approach for glucose sensing was reported by Mandal et al. (2016) and used nanoelectrodes formed in gold by synthesis of silicon nanowires on the gold surface forming a highly sensitive electrode. The reported sensitivity, response rate, and limit of detection were 0.4 mA/mM cm2, 1 second, and 0.077 mM, respectively. Carbon nanotube (CNT)-based glucose sensors were also reported (Lin et al. 2004). In this design, glucose oxidase was immobilized on the tip of the CNT to form the sensing electrode using a standard carbodiimide chemistry.
Metalloprotein Electronics
Published in Sergey Edward Lyshevski, Nano and Molecular Electronics Handbook, 2018
Andrea Alessandrini, Paolo Facci
The intrinsic functionality present and demonstrated in each metalloprotein suggests the charming implementation of single-molecule devices, which requires a number of technological and biophysical problems be solved. Among the most relevant ones, we recall the ultimate lithographic resolution needed to fabricate a nanometer gap suitable for locating a single metalloprotein in it, as well as the need for effective approaches for gating the current via the molecule. Some solutions to these problems have been recently proposed, giving rise to the first single-metalloprotein transistor operating in a liquid environment and endowed with an electrochemical gate. Such a recent achievement has shown how the concepts of protein bioelectronics can differ from those typical of today’s solid-state electronics. Namely, the idea that bioelectronics, rather than competing with conventional electronics, could be fruitfully used to implement novel functionalities and generate devices operating in unconventional environments, thus promising charming potentialities for this novel field.
Fundamentals of biology and thermodynamics
Published in Mohammad E. Khosroshahi, Applications of Biophotonics and Nanobiomaterials in Biomedical Engineering, 2017
Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, and distribution. Biological surface science is broadly defined as an interdisciplinary area where properties and processes at interfaces between synthetic material and biological environments are investigated and bifunctional surfaces are fabricated. Surfaces play a vital role in biology and medicine, with most reactions occurring at surfaces and interfaces. The advancement in surface science instrumentation that has occurred in the past quarter of a century has significantly increased our ability to characterize the surface composition and molecular structure of biomaterials. Similar advancement has been shown in material science and molecular biology. The combinations of these subjects have allowed us to obtain a detailed understanding of how the surface properties of a material can control the biological reactivity of a cell interacting with that surface. Main examples include: medical implants in human body, biosensors and biochips for diagnosis, tissue engineering, bioelectronics and biomagnetics materials, and artificial photo synthesis.
Ionogel-based flexible stress and strain sensors
Published in International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials, 2021
Gengrui Zhao, Bo Lv, Honggang Wang, Baoping Yang, Zhenyu Li, Ren Junfang, Gao Gui, Wenguang Liu, Shengrong Yang, Linlin Li
As main parts of flexible stress/strain sensors, the active materials and/or conductive materials should have both flexibility and stress/strain responsiveness. Incorporation of conducting micro/nano fillers with various structures (i.e. particle, tube, fiber, sheet, and layer) [17–19] into elastomer or polymer matrix is a traditional method to prepare stress/strain-responsive material. Conductive passages among the conductive fillers will change when elastomer composites are deformed under an external stress and strain, which will be reflected in the overall resistance change of the composites. The sensitivity and hysteresis of these sensors are usually related to mechanical properties of the elastomers themselves. Furthermore, the opaque fillers seldom meet the need of transparency for sensors. Conductive hydrogels, as a kind of flexible composites made from a three-dimensional (3D) network of cross-linked hydrophilic polymers, conductive polymer/fillers and water, show their unique advantages in bioelectronics, drug delivery and tissue engineering because of their high transparency, conductivity, stretchability, and biocompatibility [20]. Thanks to the high stretchability and mechanically toughness of hydrogel composites, some flexible sensors possess strain sensing which could be used for human motion detection [21]. Adopting special polymer network structure and fillers, hydrogel based flexible strain sensors even obtain recyclability [22]. However, there has some disadvantages that cannot be overcome at present, such as easiness of evaporation, narrow work temperature range, etc.
Biodegradable all-polymer field-effect transistors printed on Mater-Bi
Published in Journal of Information Display, 2021
Elena Stucchi, Ksenija Maksimovic, Laura Bertolacci, Fabrizio Antonio Viola, Athanassia Athanassiou, Mario Caironi
Solution-processable organic electronic devices have recently experienced a steady increase in performances, show great versatility towards the design of applications, and combine cost-effective flexible substrates and easily scalable manufacturing techniques, such as printing [1–4]. Therefore, they have a great potential toward low-cost and low carbon footprint manufacturing processes for a wide variety of consumer products [5–7], ranging from photovoltaics to distributed electronics, such as internet-of-things (IoT) and bioelectronics [8–12].
Fabrication and investigation of cardiac patch embedded with gold nanowires for improved myocardial infarction therapeutics
Published in Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2021
Li Tian, Mei Wei, Lishuang Ji, Mingqi Zheng, Gang Liu, Le Wang
An important reason of mortality along with morbidity throughout the world is failure of the heart to function following myocardial infarction. This is only next to cancer and thrombosis in terms of mortality globally [1, 2]. The weakening out of the infarcted region of the heart followed by development of scar tissue may be one the chief reasons of the failure of the heart [1]. However, the alarming fact is the steeply increased number of patients with heart failure over the recent years [3]. This may be associated with the overload of work of the cardiac tissue along with the lining blood vessels. The first approach of treatment is the β-receptor blockers which control the unusual activity of β-receptors present in the membrane of cardiomyocytes thereby contracting the cardiac muscle and blood vessels which in turn reduces work overload of heart [4]. Surgical involvement remains the second approach for treatment using innate or artificial grafts determined by the amount of injury to heart [5]. The advent in bioelectronics have led to the development of stable implant devices which may be helpful in correcting few issues like arrhythmias arising after acute myocardial infarction. However, they are not without limitations. These conventional therapies may be useful in treatment of the affected cardiac muscle and prevent them from further degeneration but cannot repair or rejuvenate the cardiac tissue. Herein lies the utility of nanobio tissue engineered cardiac patches which have created a revolution at the laboratory level in cardiac tissue regeneration. A massive number of vascular and cardiac implants have been created from the bioresorbable/biocompatible polymers like poly-lactic acid (PLLA), poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), and poly-tyrosine-derived polycarbonates [6]. Although these biomaterials have provided a matrix for cell growth they also have been reported for poor cellular adhesion and inferior cellular architecture [7–11].