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IoT: A Business Perspective
Published in Rebecca Lee Hammons, Ronald J. Kovac, Fundamentals of Internet of Things for Non-Engineers, 2019
Radio frequency identification technology, which is commonly referred to as RFID, has made a tremendous impact on the advance of automation in business. RFID tags are known as AIDC technologies. AIDC stands for “Automatic Identification and Data Capture.” AIDCs automatically identify objects, collect and analyze the data, and then send it to computer systems with little to no human interaction. The concept for this technology was developed shortly after World War II. However, it wasn’t until the 1960s that the technology was advanced enough to start using commercially. These tags are similar to barcodes in that data from the tag or label is stored into a database utilizing radio waves. Any number of items can have one of these tags attached to them.
Overview of barcode and RFID technology
Published in Rajkishore Nayak, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology and Application in Fashion and Textile Supply Chain, 2019
The reader can read data from multiple tags simultaneously. Readers also decode the signal provided by the tags and transmit to the CPU. Suitable software receives and interprets the information collected from the tags and stores it. Simultaneously multiple data can be collected and stored with a high degree of accuracy compared to the existing barcode systems using one tag per scan. As mentioned earlier, passive tags collect energy from a nearby RFID reader's interrogating radio waves, whereas the active tags have a local power source (such as a battery) and may operate from several meters from the RFID reader. Unlike a barcode, the tag need not be within the line of sight of the reader, so it may be embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method for Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC), which is different from the barcode technology.
IoT-Based Personalized Health and Fitness Monitoring System
Published in Ambikapathy, R. Shobana, Logavani, Dharmasa, Reinvention of Health Applications with IoT, 2022
Pushpendu Rakshit, Pramod Kumar Srivastava, Omkar Chavan
The Internet of Things is an environmental system that includes a smart device that works on sensors, processing technologies, and networks with a purpose of connecting and data exchange on these devices via the internet (Figure 2.1). IoT devices make life easier, as they can be controlled on single programmed device. It is energy saving, less time consuming, and the technology makes use of artificial intelligence (AI) that offers security and ease of use. A smart home or automated place can be entirely controlled on smart phone applications. IoT devices use wireless sensor network (WSN) that connect each device on internet; the integrated systems help smooth functioning and can all be controlled together at the same time. Today, various countries are focusing on smart cities. An advanced city can feature enhanced infrastructural models, public security models, transportation, and an optimized analytical system for crime detection, etc. With the help of IoT, various systems have been deployed on a broad scale around the city. Industry is developing at rapid pace and IoT is extensively used in various sectors. IoT acts as a catalyst for the industry and helps industries grow beyond their set boundaries. The main purpose of IoT with respect to industry is the smooth and rapid functioning of supply chain and internal processes. IoT plays an important role for the supply chain industry. An IoT feature called a radio frequency identification (RFID) chip helps to keep track of goods and is one method of automatic identification and data capture. IoT devices are an integral part of the supply chain process, which is an essential part of industry; IoT plays an important role in every step of the industrial process.
Blockchain technology applications to postmarket surveillance of medical devices
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Josep Pane, Katia M.C. Verhamme, Lacey Shrum, Irene Rebollo, Miriam C.J.M. Sturkenboom
Blockchain technology may very well support the global implementation of UDI. Blockchain enables the recording of data of all production and ongoing usage or maintenance. Its immutable and reliable workflow will support the medical device manufacturers with complete traceability and provide evidence on any safety issue associated with the specific medical device. This type of technology is becoming more relevant following the additional traceability requirements (Articles 25 and 27 of the EU MDR) [1], which will come into place in May 2021. The new regulation requires an UDI to be included on all product packaging in both human-readable and machine-readable form. Annex VI of the MDR discusses the usage of automatic identification and data capture tools such as QR codes or bar codes, which could eventually be used in conjunction with blockchain technology. Machine-readable information can be encoded within a bar code, and potentially include access to a blockchain traceability system within the one bar code [27]. The blockchain traceability tool serves in the recording of each step of the supply chain and interaction with the product. Any economic operator, who is engaged with that medical device, would have access to the blockchain and thus would be able to review the interactions of that medical device. This activity will make important data efficiently available to the health authorities. By reading the blockchain, end-recipients could autonomously confirm that a medical device is genuine by confirming its authenticity against the UDI database and through the supply chain. Article 28 of the new MDR requires that the UDI database warrants ‘maximum accessibility to information stored therein, including multi-user access’ and which shall ‘validate, collate, process and make available to the public (the information)’. The regulation requires ‘appropriate methods … for validation of the data provided’ and that ‘manufacturers … periodically verify the correctness of all of the data relevant to devices they have placed on the market’ [1]. A blockchain-based repository could provide some of the functionalities the regulators require.