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Case Study
Published in James Aweya, Designing Switch/Routers, 2023
To support the portability of FTOS across multiple platforms, Force10 implemented a hardware abstraction layer (HAL) code in FTOS as illustrated in Figures 4.10 and 4.11 [FOR10HAL08]. The HAL is an abstraction layer, implemented in software that decouples the kernel of an operating system from the specific details of the underlying hardware. It hides differences in the underlying hardware from the operating system kernel, so that most of the kernel-mode code does not need to be rewritten to run on systems with different hardware.
IoT Data Sources
Published in Chandrasekar Vuppalapati, Building Enterprise IoT Applications, 2019
As the name implies, the HAL is an abstraction layer over the hardware. It plays an important role of bridging the calls between application framework and Hardware. For instance, when an App needs to access Camera capabilities, it calls Camera API that will be bridged to Camera device driver to load camera functionality in memory, marshal/unmarshall, the calls between the Camera and the App.
Wireless Communication Systems in the Smart Grid
Published in K. R. Rao, Zoran S. Bojkovic, Bojan M. Bakmaz, Wireless Multimedia Communication Systems, 2017
K. R. Rao, Zoran S. Bojkovic, Bojan M. Bakmaz
Smart devices report their current operating status to the HEC, whereas the operating modes of dumb appliances can be inferred using power measurements transmitted by attached smart plugs. These data enable the HEC to determine when loads are in standby mode and switch them off. The location of the scheduling intelligence in the HEC enables complex scheduling to be applied individually in each load. Authentication is a critical security service in SG networks, and it mainly involves the smart meters in different component networks of the SG.Example 8.6To answer the question how a SG communication system can be separated from the power transmission and distribution system, the SG hierarchical networking [34] can be applied, as shown in Figure 8.10.It can be seen that it is an information-sharing network comprising several hierarchical components. The transmission substation and the control centers of the distribution substations are connected with one another in a mesh-networking manner, which can be realized over optical fiber technology. The remaining components are divided into several networks based on real metropolitan topology.Example 8.7An important issue is how to implement nodes for SG test beds [35]. The functional architecture can be proposed as shown in Figure 8.11. The hardware abstraction layer is an interface for upper level function that screens hardware-specific details. Also, it provides data interfaces to both receiving data path and transmitting data path, as well as an access interface to other resources on the hardware platform. The spectrum and the channel manager control all the related resources, including links, frequencies, and modulation methods. The spectrum detection and prediction module provides the information regarding the availability of some frequency bands.The decision-making module uses decision algorithms to select which channel and when it will be used. Learning algorithms are implemented as an independent module. The spectrum and channel manager can use geolocation information (latitude and longitude) from the corresponding module to load prior information about the current location from the knowledge/policy/database. The routing manager uses routing algorithms to select the best route for sending and relaying data packages. The data manager organizes all the data from upper-level applications and the data to be relayed. The security manager provides encryption and decryption to the data manager, routing manager, and spectrum and channel manager. The intelligence base stores prior knowledge, policies, data, and experiences.
The problem of assigning bus drivers to trips in a Spanish public transport company
Published in Engineering Optimization, 2023
Guillermo Esquivel-González, Antonio Sedeño-Noda, Ginés León
The first objective considered in this project was to solve the AD2T-B problem using optimization software in order to validate the performance of the developed tool in the daily operation of the company. Among the existing optimizers, IBM ILOG CPLEX (IBM 2016) is among the most widely used data analysis and optimization software in the industrial and business field. The model is declared using the OPL (see IBM [2016]) modelling language and was written in Python using the CPLEX API. Application programming interface, also known by the acronym API, is a set of subroutines, functions, and procedures that provides a certain library for use by other software as an abstraction layer. Using Python has many advantages, including integration and a large number of libraries available. Among these it is worth highlighting the use of Pyodbc (Kleehammer 2020), which allows the extraction of data from TITSA databases from the Python code itself. Another very useful library is Pandas (McKinney 2011) because it allows a fast and comfortable use of large data volumes.
SOSeas Web App: An assessment web-based decision support tool to predict dynamic risk of drowning on beaches using deep neural networks
Published in Journal of Operational Oceanography, 2023
Javier García-Alba, Javier F. Bárcena, Luis Pedraz, Felipe Fernández, Andrés García, Marcos Mecías, Javier Costas-Veigas, María Luisa Samano, David Szpilman
To provide M2M communication via interoperability protocols, enabling other software to access the system, three Web API Services (Application Programming Interfaces) have been designed: the DataHub API, the SOSeas API, and the Process API. The API acts as an abstraction layer, with a set of rules and specifications, allowing it to be easily used by other software. The DataHub API (https://datahub.ihcantabria.com/swagger/index.html) points to any software to access the operational metocean data that is updated constantly. The SOSeas API (https://apisoseas.ihcantabria.com/swagger/index.html) provides access to all the lifeguard information, such as events or warnings that could take place on the beach. The Process API (https://apiprocess.ihcantabria.com/) provides access to drowning risk assessment on the fly based on the electronic bathing flags calculated by the final DNN.
Performance evaluation of windows virtual machines on a Linux host
Published in Automatika, 2020
Josip Balen, Krešimir Vdovjak, Goran Martinović
Virtualization layer or platform maps requests from a virtual machine to physical requests and supports virtual environments with software approaches. Virtual environment can be provided with several different methods and at several different levels of abstractions [3]. Those levels are Instruction Set Architecture (ISA), Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL), operating system and user level. ISA-level virtualization emulates another architecture by translating from one ISA to another, sometimes by rewriting instructions. Virtualization at HAL-level exploits the similarity in architectures between the virtual and host machines and use the native hardware to executes certain instructions without emulation. HAL-level virtualization used in experiments is hown in Figure 1.