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Flexible and Stretchable Liquid Metal Electronics
Published in Katsuyuki Sakuma, Krzysztof Iniewski, Flexible, Wearable, and Stretchable Electronics, 2020
Dishit P. Parekh, Ishan D. Joshipura, Yiliang Lin, Christopher B. Cooper, Vivek T. Bharambe, Michael D. Dickey
While flexible electronics can be bent, stretchable electronics can be elongated. Thus, stretchable electronics can be used in a wider application space while providing increased durability. To build a stretchable electronic device, in addition to having the backbone of a soft polymer matrix, it is required to pattern interconnects that are intrinsically stretchable. Using multiple patterning processes such as chemical vapor deposition, sputtering, soft lithography, and 3D printing, researchers have fabricated a variety of stretchable electronics such as optoelectronic skin for sensing and display,[55–57] soft neural implants that sustain millions of mechanical stretch cycles and assist in drug delivery,[58–60] stretchable batteries with wireless recharging capabilities,[61–63] stretchable displays,[64–66] soft silicon integrated circuits using wavy metal films,[67–70] and epidermal electronics for the skin.[71–73] Some of these examples are shown in Figure 8.4.[54,55,61,65]
Reconfigurable Electronics
Published in Muhammad Mustafa Hussain, Nazek El-Atab, Handbook of Flexible and Stretchable Electronics, 2019
Flexible and stretchable electronics have evolved into novel technologies with growing markets and huge potential such as wearable and bio-integrated systems. Promising new devices are coming to market, such as smart watches, glasses, jewelry and fashion, as well as fitness and health trackers, with increasing revenue every year (Delabrida Silva et al. 2017). The challenge remains with the mechanical characteristics needed to integrate the rigid, silicon-based electronics of nowadays with the soft, mobile, and stretchy nature of the human body. Less bulky and more compliant electronics would increase comfort and be appealing for consumers, hence boosting their market even more. Clever approaches to close this mechanical gap have been studied by several research groups. A first important approach consists of the use low cost and flexible organic materials, which have been already introduced to market with commercial flexible light-emitting diode (LED) screens (Thejo Kalyani and Dhoble 2012). Nevertheless, their intrinsic electrical properties are still well behind the current silicon-based devices, which limits their use to a smaller application niche (Nassar et al. 2016). Alternative materials involve novel 2-dimensional (2D) and 1-dimensional (1D) carbon-based structures such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene (Kang et al. 2007, Lee, Kim et al. 2011). Even medium-scale integrated circuits (ICs) have been demonstrated using CNT random networks, but with a lower performance (Cao et al. 2008).
Flexible and Stretchable Supercapacitors
Published in Soney C George, Sam John, Sreelakshmi Rajeevan, Polymer Nanocomposites in Supercapacitors, 2023
Praveena Malliyil Gopi, Kala Moolepparambil Sukumaran, Essack Mohammed Mohammed
Flexible and stretchable electronics have received much interest and demand in the last ten years for a variety of applications, including thin, flexible, foldable-portable electronics and lightweight, electronic tattoo sensors, skin sensors, compatible surgical tools, and wearable electronics, as well as other electro-mechanical devices with exceptional durability, foldability, flexibility, and stretchability. Currently, researchers working on flexible and stretchable energy storage devices like supercapacitors are focusing on three primary goals: (i) fabricating electrodes and designing them, (ii) achieving steady electrochemical properties, and (iii) increasing power and energy densities. The aforesaid barriers motivate researchers to look for new techniques for flexible and stretchable energy storage system advancements [9]. Stretchable logic devices, field-effect transistors, photodetectors, organic, inorganic light-emitting diodes, and other applications could be made possible by converting solid rigid materials into softer or elastic materials. Supercapacitors that can withstand enormous mechanical strains with no deterioration are known as stretchable supercapacitors. Flexible supercapacitors are among the most attractive power sources in stretchable electrical appliances because of their characteristic properties such as lower energy density, higher power density, and the ability for fast charging-discharging. They also have a simple device structure that is safe, robust, and relatively easy to design, with no hazardous or flammable materials. We tried to describe the most current indicators of advancement on flexible or stretchable supercapacitors, with the primary goal of sustaining good electrochemical performance in conjunction with a significant trend toward wearable and portable electronics, which necessitates that they be lightweight, narrow, and flexible.
3D printing highly stretchable conductors for flexible electronics with low signal hysteresis
Published in Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2022
Jun Zhou, Honghao Yan, Chengyun Wang, Huaqiang Gong, Qiuxiao Nie, Yu Long
Compared with traditional rigid electronics, flexible stretchable electronics have the advantages of small size, lightweight, and tolerance for large deformation, allowing them to adapt to complex and harsh application scenarios. It is foreseeable that they will play an important role in the era of artificial intelligence, such as wearable electronics for human-machine interface (HMI) (Sim et al. 2019; Tang, Shang, and Jiang 2021; Liu, Zheng, et al. 2020; Li, Liu, et al. 2020), electronic skins (Lin et al. 2020; Cheng et al. 2020; Park et al. 2021), soft robotics (Kang et al. 2019; Guo et al. 2020; Shintake et al. 2018), and flexible displays (Lee, Oh, et al. 2020; Liu, Wang, et al. 2020; Dinh Xuan et al. 2021), etc. Highly stretchable conductors are crucial components for high-performance flexible electronics. However, as an indispensable component of them, the flexible, stretchable conductors are prone to mechanical damage, signal lagging, and deteriorated conductance upon stretching, which hinders further their applications.
Stretchable electronics: functional materials, fabrication strategies and applications
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2019
In summary, stretchable electronics offer a foundation for applications using common flexible electronic techniques because of their powerful capacities to integrate with stretchable functional materials and curvilinear surfaces. Fast development and substantial achievement have been shaping the field of wearable electronic devices, resulting in the persistent requirement for stretchable conductors and stretchable electronic devices. Clearly, recent progress in stretchable electronics has seen the emergence of new technologies, and strenuous efforts have been made to improve their electronic performance under stretching and impart intelligent functions to the surfaces of various soft substrates. Hence, a general summary of recent advances in this field and concrete examples of successful application improvements will be provided.