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Review of Layer 2 and Layer 3 Forwarding
Published in James Aweya, Designing Switch/Routers, 2023
Also, routers do not forward broadcast traffic, as a result they do not contribute to broadcast storms. Routers limit broadcast traffic and BPDUs within each LAN segment or VLAN. Routers using the routing protocols can support loop-free paths to network destinations. In a routed environment, routers running routing protocols such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) maintain identical topological databases of the network (called Link State Databases (LSDBs)), enabling the network to converge quickly in response to a change in the network topology (resulting from factors such as a link failure, or the addition/removal of a router). Routing protocols are Network Layer functions that are responsible for exchanging information between routers, allowing them to determine the best paths to all known network destinations.
MANET Routing Optimization using Nanotechnology
Published in Cherry Bhargava, Amit Sachdeva, Nanotechnology, 2020
Sandeep Gupta, Vibha Aggarwal, Virinder Kumar Singla
The routing conventions can be named: location-aware routing, hierarchical routing, and flat routing. In the case of flat routing, each node is equivalent and assumes a similar job. Nevertheless, in hierarchical routing, hardly any nodes appreciate the advantages of bunch heads and some assume an alternate job in the system. In the case of location-aware routing, node positions may be utilized to course information in the system. As shown by the routing approach, the routing can be arranged as table-driven/proactive and source started/reactive, while as per the system structure, these delegates are: location-aware routing, hierarchical routing, and flat routing (Panisson et al. 2011). Figure 18.2 shows the flat routing protocols under every classification. Proactive routing protocols keep routers persistently refreshed, whereas reactive routing protocols respond on request. Routing protocols can likewise be classified as link state protocols or distance vector protocols. Routers using a link state routing protocol keep up a full or halfway copy of the system topology and costs for every single known connection. Routers utilizing a distance vector protocol only keep data about the next hop to adjoining neighbors and cost for ways to every single known destination (Kaur and Kumar 2013). The classification of routing protocols is shown in Figure 18.2.
Extending Open Shortest Path First for Mobile Ad Hoc Network Routing
Published in Jonathan Loo, Jaime Lloret Mauri, Jesús Hamilton Ortiz, Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, 2016
Katherine Isaacs, Julie Hsieh, Melody Moh
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) face many challenges due to the diverse nature of their nodes and the fluidity of their topology. Routing is central to the efficiency and scalability of MANETs. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is the most widely used intradomain routing protocol on the Internet. Extending OSPF to handle the unique concerns of MANETs would be ideal as OSPF is well-known and well-tested. Furthermore, this extension would more easily support the seamless traveling of nodes between MANETs and wired networks. To understand MANET routing in OSPF, we first review many of the techniques used in MANET routing and discuss widely researched protocols including ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR), optimized link state routing (OLSR), zone routing protocol (ZRP), and fuzzy-sighted link state (FSLS). Next, we review the standard OSPF protocol and the existing MANET extensions for it. Then, we compare the OSPF extensions for MANET, both in design and by summarizing individual simulation results. Finally, we discuss future directions by pointing out several promising approaches as well as emerging concerns.
A comprehensive and systematized review of energy-efficient routing protocols in wireless sensor networks
Published in International Journal of Computers and Applications, 2019
In this section, we discuss about the reviews and surveys on routing protocols that have been done so far in the literature. Karaki et al. in [22] have discussed about architecture and functioning of sensor network, various routing protocols. Routing protocols are categorized into two classes depending on the network structure and protocol operation. Network structure based protocols are further segregated into flat routing, hierarchical routing, and location-based routing. While protocols operation-based protocols are further segregated into multipath-based, query-based, negotiation-based, QoS-based, and coherent based routing. In their study, authors have discussed about open routing issues and challenges for the realization of sensor network. In [17], a survey of recent routing protocols of WSNs has been done. Also, various design issues related to routing protocols are discussed. In this paper, routing protocols are categorized into three broad types, i.e. data-centric, hierarchical and position based. Further, protocols defined in the literature are classified into these categories. At the end, challenges are discussed.
Wireless body area networks: a comprehensive survey
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2020
Bahae Abidi, Abdelillah Jilbab, El Haziti Mohamed
Routing protocol defines the specific choice of route, with the use of routing algorithms to determine an optimal network communication and data transfer between all the components of the network. The use of these routing protocols depends on the capabilities of each node and the requirements of each application. Several routing protocols have been proposed in different researches for the WBAN to treat different problems such as the energy efficiency, network size, quality of service (QoS), topology of the network, limited resources, security, mobility, data rate, heterogeneous environment, path loss. Some of them are determined in detail in the following subsections.
A Survey on Packet Switching Networks
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Routers also communicate and distribute data with other routers as well. The way different routers communicate and share data (routes/network ID) is known as routing protocols. The main function of the routing protocols like OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is to build the routing tables (if the technology in the WAN is switching as MPLS, a switching table is built); these tables are used to forward the packets/frames from the node (router/switch) to the next one.