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MANET Routing Optimization using Nanotechnology
Published in Cherry Bhargava, Amit Sachdeva, Nanotechnology, 2020
Sandeep Gupta, Vibha Aggarwal, Virinder Kumar Singla
The routing conventions can be named: location-aware routing, hierarchical routing, and flat routing. In the case of flat routing, each node is equivalent and assumes a similar job. Nevertheless, in hierarchical routing, hardly any nodes appreciate the advantages of bunch heads and some assume an alternate job in the system. In the case of location-aware routing, node positions may be utilized to course information in the system. As shown by the routing approach, the routing can be arranged as table-driven/proactive and source started/reactive, while as per the system structure, these delegates are: location-aware routing, hierarchical routing, and flat routing (Panisson et al. 2011). Figure 18.2 shows the flat routing protocols under every classification. Proactive routing protocols keep routers persistently refreshed, whereas reactive routing protocols respond on request. Routing protocols can likewise be classified as link state protocols or distance vector protocols. Routers using a link state routing protocol keep up a full or halfway copy of the system topology and costs for every single known connection. Routers utilizing a distance vector protocol only keep data about the next hop to adjoining neighbors and cost for ways to every single known destination (Kaur and Kumar 2013). The classification of routing protocols is shown in Figure 18.2.
Routing and Wavelength Assignment
Published in Partha Pratim Sahu, Advances in Optical Networks and Components, 2020
There are additional costs in applying all the mentioned algorithms – LU, MU, MP, LL, MS, and RCL – as per global knowledge of the network state in a distributed control network. Information on the network state is exchanged frequently between the nodes to ensure accurate calculations, by using link-state routing protocol. Although the MS and RCL approaches perform better, the implementation of these is not easy but cost effective in a distributed environment, and also MS and RCL both employ fixed routing that does not improve network performance. Two issues have to be dealt with: how information of network state is exchanged.how the amount of calculation is reduced upon receiving a connection request.
Graph-Theoretic Algorithms for Energy Saving in IP Networks
Published in F. Richard Yu, Xi Zhang, Victor C. M. Leung, Green Communications and Networking, 2016
Francesca Cuomo, Antonio Cianfrani, Marco Polverini
In this section implementation issues related to the proposed algorithms are discussed. In a pure IP network a link-state routing protocol, such as OSPF or IS-IS, is used. A link-state routing protocol assures that each IP router knows the network topology; in this way it is possible to perform a topology based algorithm with no need to introduce extra information. In the following a distributed implementation of ESACON and ESTOP algorithms, and a centralized implementation of EAR algorithm, are discussed.
Smart grid mechanism for green energy management: A comprehensive review
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2023
Adila Fakhar, Ahmed M.A. Haidar, M.O. Abdullah, Narottam Das
The recent advancements in wireless technology motivated many researchers in the past years to intensively propose the application of wireless communication in various fields, particularly in the smart grid applications (Li and Lin 2015). Daoud and Fernando (2011) reviewed several existing communication technologies that have been adopted for machine-to-machine communication in the future smart grid. A planned approach through a simple scenario as illustrated by (Simon et al. 2017) has been introduced to improve the performance of a Zigbee protocol for smart energy systems. Stefano, Scaglione, and Wang (2010) also reviewed some proposed approaches for channel modeling and interference mitigation by implementing methods for joint transmission over the power-line channels (3–500 kHz) and unlicensed wireless channels (902–928 MHz). The performance of wireless mesh systems when deployed for automatic metering infrastructure was carried out by (Berger, Schwager, and Escudero-Garzás 2013). In this study, the researchers used a hybrid wireless mesh protocol and optimized link-state routing protocol. For smart grid applications, it is stated that a high data rate with a larger range of 100 m indoor can be obtained from the use of Wi-Fi as compared to Bluetooth and ZigBee (Mahmood, Javaid, and Razzaq 2015). It was also concluded that for the home area network, the ZigBee is more suitable to accommodate a number of nodes. However, the data rate (40–250 kbps) of ZigBee is less than Wi-Fi which is in the range of (11–300 Mbps).
Internet of Medical Things (IoMT): Overview, Emerging Technologies, and Case Studies
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2022
Sahshanu Razdan, Sachin Sharma
In this subsection, we provide a case study on SDN enabled E-healthcare where SDN is enabled in the IoMT devices and an SDN controller is placed at the cloud, as shown in Figure 8. In this case study, not all the IoMT devices have the Internet connectivity to connect with the controller. Therefore, those devices have not communicated with the controller through the other IoMT devices in the network. In [37], we provided an algorithm to automatically establish an SDN session between a wireless SDN connected network with the controller where only a few wireless devices can reach the controller directly. In this work, a standard OpenFlow protocol is used as an SDN protocol to connect with the controller. We applied the same algorithm to connect IoMT wireless devices with the controller. In this algorithm, hybrid SDN wireless IoMT devices are used where IoMT wireless devices can run traditional protocols as well as OpenFlow protocol. Traditional routing protocols such as OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing Protocol) is used as a protocol to find the path to the controller. The control paths are established on the path decided by traditional routing protocols and data paths are decided by the application running on the controller (see Figure 8).
Model and simulations of multipath bridge routing for inter-swarm UAV communications in EMANE/CORE
Published in International Journal of Modelling and Simulation, 2022
Zhe Chu, Fei Hu, Elizabeth Serena Bentley, Sunil Kumar
The high dynamics of UAV network topology makes the MANET communication protocol development very challenging. Most of the existing protocols address the transport layer congestion control and network layer routing protocol separately. From the perspective of network layer, several major routing protocols with different versions have been introduced and analyzed. The proactive routing protocol, Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR), and reactive protocol, Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), are two representative schemes. Most studies such as Ouacha et al. [6] and Romanik et al. [7] focus on the enhancement of previous protocols. The performance metrics to estimate the path cost and make routing decision are the core topics in these enhanced routing schemes. From the perspective of transport layer, congestion control is important. For example, Wang et al. [8] discussed the modifications of TCP congestion control by modifying its slow-start phase. Other schemes enhance the congestion window control [9] to eliminate unexpected slow-down of TCP sending rate.