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Future Trends in Condition Assessment
Published in Justin Starr, Water and Wastewater Pipeline Assessment Technologies, 2021
First is the provision of high bandwidth communication – meaning large files can be rapidly streamed or transferred. 4G technology can theoretically provide download speeds of 450 megabits per second (Mbps), but 5G NR will increase this by more than a factor of 10. Download speeds of 10–20 gigabits per section (Gbps) will be possible, and this rapid data transfer ability is termed enhanced mobile broadband (EMBB). Not only are those speeds faster than current Wi-Fi technology – they are faster than the Ethernet links installed in many buildings, and are even faster than the SATA interfaces used to internally interface hard drives with computers (Figure 11.2). EMBB has the potential to replace wired Internet connections: while a fiber-optic line into city hall was previously the gold standard of bandwidth, a 5G connection could be faster, cheaper, and easier to upgrade without digging up physical infrastructure and installing miles of new cable.
Intelligence and Security in the 5G-Oriented IoT
Published in Parag Chatterjee, Robin Singh Bhadoria, Yadunath Pathak, 5G and Beyond, 2022
Jasminder Kaur Sandhu, Prateek Srivastava, Yadunath Pathak, Meena Pundir
5G works by modulating a digital signal across multiple channels, which is also known as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). 5G also uses a 5G New Radio (5G NR) air interface. Technologies such as sub-6 GHz and mmWave have been used for achieving wider bandwidth in 5G.
An Eight-Element MIMO Antenna Array for NR Application
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
The report proposes an eight (8)-element MIMO antenna array for 5G NR applications operating in the 3.3–3.8 GHz band. It consists of eight L-shaped antennas with stubs for better impedance matching, and by using another stub attached to it we were able to obtain resonance, and later, a meander line was installed in a single element that gave us the desired frequency bandwidth by adjusting it to 3.3–3.8 GHz band and it increases radiation efficiency and reduces the bandwidth. The antenna elements have rectangular slots on the ground. The proposed antenna has a reflection coefficient (S-parameters) of less than −10 dB over the frequency range of 3.3–3.8 GHz and moderate isolation better than −11 dB obtained. The proposed antenna array is simulated, fabricated, and tested. In addition to S-parameter analysis, MIMO and radiation performance analysis are also performed.
Analysis of Beam Sweeping Techniques for Cell-Discovery in Millimeter Wave Systems
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2023
P. Rashmi, A. Manoj, Arun Pachai Kannu
In many communication systems (a cellular network, for example), there are multiple base stations (BSs) in the network, with each BS given a unique identity. In the cell discovery problem with multiple BS, the UE needs to find the presence of at least one suitable BS from which the UE has sufficient received signal strength to establish a communication link. In addition, the UE also needs to find the identity of the detected BS and the corresponding AoA–AoD pairs. Each BS is assigned a unique sequence in a cellular network, referred to as a synchronization sequence (SS), based on its identity. Each BS periodically transmits its unique synchronization sequence, in order to facilitate cell discovery. In 5G-NR standards, the mm wave systems are envisioned to transmit synchronization sequence along with directional beamforming [19]. In this Section, we consider multiple BS and present details of the beam sweeping along with the transmission of SS. We analyze the detection performance of the energy detector for orthogonal SS, under on-grid channel assumptions.
Overview of the challenges and solutions for 5G channel coding schemes
Published in Journal of Information and Telecommunication, 2021
Madhavsingh Indoonundon, Tulsi Pawan Fowdur
5G NR is expected to bring drastic changes to mobile communications. 5G services are classified into three classes which are eMBB, mMTC and URLLC and are expected to be adopted by multiple vertical industries having differing requirements. 5G consists of a suite of enabling technologies which includes milimeter waves, small cells, massive MIMO, beamforming and full-duplex communications (Nordrum & Clark, 2017). The conception of 5G has also given rise to new channel coding challenges. eMBB requires channel codes to have high decoding throughputs so that they do not become a bottleneck in 5G communications (Maunder, 2018). The channel codes for URLLC must have low latency and strong error performance on short data blocks. However, capacity-achieving long channel codes are found to not be able to achieve similar performances over short data packets (Chen et al., 2018). For mMTC, the channel codes must have a low complexity to reduce the energy consumption of devices and good flexibility to work with the varying data block lengths (Bockelmann et al., 2016).