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Electrolyzer systems
Published in Leonard W. Casson, James W. Bess, Conversion to On-Site Sodium Hypochlorite Generation, 2019
Leonard W. Casson, James W. Bess
Water softening via ion exchange utilizes the replacement of calcium and magnesium ions in the water by an equivalent number of sodium ions. This system eliminates the undesirable characteristic of calcarious deposits because sodium salts do not form hardness type scales on the cathodic electrode.
Water Supply Systems
Published in Monzur A. Imteaz, Urban Water Resources, 2019
Water softening is the process of removing hardness; however, this is not an essential element of water treatment as hard water is not harmful for human consumption. Water softening reduces soap consumption and reduces maintenance costs for plumbing. Treatment processes for water softening are: 1) Precipitation and 2) Ion exchange. Precipitation involves adding lime and soda ash to the water, which react with Calcium and Magnesium salts and form insoluble precipitates, which are removed by sedimentation. Ion exchange is basically the exchange of cations with the help of ion-exchanging resin. In this process, Calcium and Magnesium cations are exchanged for Sodium cations as Sodium salts do not cause hardness.
Water Quality Parameters
Published in Joseph Cotruvo, Drinking Water Quality and Contaminants Guidebook, 2019
Hard water is an aesthetic and economic problem, so water softening is one of the most widespread water treatments for municipal and home systems. Different levels of hardness require different treatment levels. Over-softening can make the water aggressive/corrosive so a properly designed and maintained system is essential. Normally, only water for indoor use would be softened in a home system, and frequently softening only the hot water side is sufficient and more economical than softening the entire home supply.
Impact of magnetic field strength generated by Halbach array on hard water for solar applications
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Ajaj Attar, M. Arulprakasajothi
In boilers, the calcium and magnesium present in hard waters form a hard, adherent scale on the plates (Latva et al. 2016; Sohaili et al. 2016). Inferior heat conductivity of the scale results in more fuel consumption, and the boiler deteriorates rapidly because of the external overheating of the plates. Sodium carbonate hydrolyses to produce free alkali, which causes caustic embrittlement and failure on the boiler plates (Sohaili et al. 2016). Water softening is possible on a small scale by adding ammonia, borax or trisodium phosphate, with sodium carbonate (Mahmoud, Yosra, and Nadiab 2016). Large-scale water softening is done by the addition of enough lime to precipitate the calcium as carbonate and the magnesium as hydroxide, so that sodium carbonate is added to remove the remaining calcium salts (Sohaili et al. 2016).