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Traditional systems of drinking water delivery
Published in Thomas Bolognesi, Francisco Silva Pinto, Megan Farrelly, Routledge Handbook of Urban Water Governance, 2023
Raziyeh Farmani, Chris Sweetapple
Water distribution systems contain different types of pipes, including:water transmission mains that transport treated (potable) water from storage facilities to different parts (e.g., supply pressure zones or district metered areas) of the system;distribution pipes, which are smaller in diameter than transmission mains and distribute potable water within local areas; andsupply/customer connection pipes, which provide connectivity between an individual end-user property and the water distribution system.
Sanitation in Drought
Published in Saeid Eslamian, Faezeh Eslamian, Handbook of Drought and Water Scarcity, 2017
Water supply is germane to sanitation in the context of modern technology. The total demand for water in a community varies depending on the population, the industrial and commercial activity, the total climate, and the cost of provision of water. In warm dry climates, it is expected that domestic use is generally a larger fraction of the total consumption than that is in cooler and colder climates. Generally, in any community, water demand will vary on a seasonal, daily, and hourly basis. For example, water consumption on a hot summer day is expected to be as much as 200% of the average daily demand. Hence, the pipelines and pumps of a distribution system as well as treatment plants and wells must be designed to accommodate peak daily flows rather than average flows. The design of a water distribution system commences after a study of common water requirements. A water distribution system must be able to deliver adequate quantities of water for various uses in a community. In addition, a sufficient pressure of water supply is obtained via water mains from where pipes are connected for distribution to reservoirs and individual consumers. Water mains are generally not less than 150 mm or 6 in. in diameter and are usually located in the street in a way so as to provide water to every potential customer. In the recent times, computer modeling is usually incorporated in the design of a water distribution system to compensate for pressure fluctuation due to rainfall, drought, and population increase.
Optimisation, design and decision support systems
Published in Bogumil Ulanicki, Kalanithy Vairavamoorthy, David Butler, Peter L.M. Bounds, Fayyaz Ali Memon, Water Management Challenges in Global Change, 2020
Bogumil Ulanicki, Kalanithy Vairavamoorthy, David Butler, Peter L.M. Bounds, Fayyaz Ali Memon
A water distribution system is an interconnected collection of sources, pipes, and hydraulic control elements (e.g. pumps, valves, regulators, tanks) delivering consumers prescribed water quantities at desired pressures. Such systems are often described in terms of a graph, with the links representing the pipes, and the nodes representing connections between pipes, hydraulic control elements, consumers, and sources. The behavior of a water distribution system is governed by: (1) the physical laws that describe the flow relationships in the pipes and the hydraulic control elements, (2) the consumer demands, and (3) the system layout.
Risk assessment and leakage prediction system of the water distribution system of Changzhou, China
Published in Water International, 2023
Shuaihua Hou, Tao Tao, Chao Wang, Haiqing Zong
Risks related to the water distribution system mainly come from abnormal hydraulic variation and water quality deterioration. Generally, hydraulic risks include abnormal flow or pressure, resulting in pipe burst, leakage, hydraulic shock (i.e., water hammer), or low water pressure. Water quality risk is mostly manifested as water monitoring parameters exceeding the benchmark. In order to cope with changing climate and environmental factors, many countries continue to pay close attention to the safety of their water supply (Ezell, 2003; Zhu et al., 2009). The development of information infrastructure has led to the use of intelligent monitoring equipment to provide early warning of risks within water distribution systems. The imperfect leakage control systems within water distribution systems have pushed China to make great efforts in this field.
Knowledge Transfer in Municipal Water and Wastewater Organizations
Published in Engineering Management Journal, 2020
George Christian Guvernator IV, Rafael Ernesto Landaeta
A municipal utility system, for this investigation, is defined as a water or sewer system that is owned, operated, and maintained by a public entity. This public entity is generally a department or division of a City, County, Town, Parish, Village, or a public Water and Sewer Authority, Board, or District. The size of these systems varies from a few customers to hundreds of thousands of customers.A typical municipal water system is comprised of three key components: the source of water, the treatment facility, and the finished water distribution system. The water source consists of groundwater obtained from wells and/or surface water obtained from rivers, reservoirs, and lakes. A water treatment facility is usually required to disinfect the source of water before the water is sent to customers. Treatment facilities range in size from small and simple to large and complex. The finished water distribution system consists of storage tanks, pipes, pumps, and valves that distribute water to each customer. Exhibit 1 represents a typical municipal water system.
Optimal selection of pressure relief valve parameters for surge pressure control in water distribution systems
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2019
Hamdy A. El-Ghandour, Amgad S. Elansary
The main role of a water distribution system (WDS) is to guarantee the continuous supply to customers with acceptable quality and at appropriate pressures. Fluid transients represent potential problems for many WDS and should not be ignored. Water hammer resulted, in WDS, can be generated by several causes such as: pump power failure or pump startup, sudden valve closure or opening, changes in boundary pressures, rapid changes in demand conditions, changes in transmission lines conditions, and pipe draining or filling (Boulos, Lansey, and Karney 2006). A sudden pressure rise can permanently deform or rupture a pipeline and its component, while a sudden pressure drop can collapse pipes causing leaks, disrupting service, and contaminant intrusion in WDS (Zhang, Karney, and Mcpherson 2008). Protection of WDS from the impact of pressure surges can be divided into two categories (Kim, Hur, and Kim 2017): (1) changing system properties (e.g. change in wave speed derives from change in the pipe diameter or material or wall thickness) and (2) the installation of water hammer protection devices, such as automatic control valves, surge tanks, air vessels, check valves and pressure/flow regulating valves (Boulos, Lansey, and Karney 2006; Karney and Simpson 2007; Wylie and Streeter 1993).