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Sensor Networks and the Cloud
Published in Sudip Misra, Subhadeep Sarkar, Subarna Chatterjee, Sensors, Cloud, and Fog: The Enabling Technologies for the Internet of Things, 2019
Sudip Misra, Subhadeep Sarkar, Subarna Chatterjee
Disaster Monitoring Applications: Sensors are used to detect and report seismic activities and volcanic eruptions. For these purposes, sensors for temperature, sound, light, pressure, and acceleration are used [5]. Based on the sensor reports, it is easy to determine the epicenter and the intensity of earthquakes based on sensor readings. It is also possible to determine the area of the zones affected due to volcanic eruptions.
Photocatalysis for Control of Air Pollution
Published in Sampa Chakrabarti, Solar Photocatalysis for Environmental Remediation, 2019
Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, mists and vapours, or gases. They may be natural or anthropogenic. Common examples of natural causes of air pollution are volcanic eruptions and forest fires. The hazardous gases emitted in a volcanic eruption include sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydrogen fluoride. In areas downwind of volcanic sites, volcanic ash and sulphur dioxide can cause respiratory problems to humans and animals, acid rains, and other complications. All forest fires emit toxic carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (small amount), nitrogen dioxide, ozone (at a very high temperature), and particulate matters. Particulates comprising soot, tar, and organic compounds are emitted in very large quantities.
Area sources
Published in Abhishek Tiwary, Ian Williams, Air Pollution, 2018
Volcanoes are caused by certain activities of plate tectonics: hotspots, spreading ridges, and subduction zones all produce volcanic activity. Iceland lies over an area mid-ocean ridge, which has a hotspot beneath it, which is why it is part of the mid-ocean ridge but is above sea level. Ten percent of Iceland is covered by ice and 60% of that ice covers active volcanoes. This produces sub-glacial eruptions which characteristically produce a lot of ash (Björnsson, 2002).
Taupōinflate: illustrating detection limits of magmatic inflation below Lake Taupō
Published in New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 2022
Susan Ellis, Simon J. Barker, Colin J. N. Wilson, I. Hamling, Sigrun Hreinsdottir, Finnigan Illsley-Kemp, Eleanor R. H. Mestel, James D. Muirhead, Bubs Smith, Graham Leonard, Martha K. Savage, Pilar Villamor, Peter Otway
Detection of ground deformation is a key monitoring tool that can provide insights into the origins of volcanic unrest at active volcanoes (Dzurisin 2007). Networks of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System, also incorporating Global Positioning System: GPS) stations are set up around volcanoes to gain high-resolution geospatial data that can be used to model subsurface changes resulting from magma movement (e.g. Cervelli et al. 2006; Sigmundsson et al. 2020). This information – often augmented by InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar: e.g. Massonnet and Feigl 1998) – is critical for risk assessment during unrest episodes and for detecting changes that may signal a potential eruption. Geodetic monitoring is particularly important for caldera volcanoes, where deformation patterns can show very high displacements (several metres) in response to many different potential sources at depth (Acocella et al. 2015). However, calderas are sometimes infilled with large bodies of water, restricting the use of techniques such as InSAR and deployment of extensive GPS networks, thus limiting the detectability of deformation associated with magma movement and potential eruption.
Planning to adapt: identifying key decision drivers in disaster response planning
Published in Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, 2021
Charlotte O. Brown, Josh L. Hayes, Mark W. Milke
There are additional volcanic hazards that can occur during an eruption that are typically more destructive than volcanic ash (e.g. lahar, pyroclastic density currents, lava, volcanic ballistics). These hazards are likely to damage the built environment (e.g. building collapse, bridge failure) (Wilson et al. 2014; Jenkins et al. 2015), meaning the clean-up problem becomes much more involved than collecting and managing ash. Fires can also be induced by hot volcanic deposits or lava, as was observed in Heimaey, Iceland during the 1973 Heimaey eruption (Williams and Moore 1983) and more recently in Hawaii as a result of the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea (U.S. Department of the Interior Strategic Sciences Group 2019). Therefore, the presence of these hazards indicates that the waste stream will be highly mixed and will require a considerably different response than for volcanic ash alone. This raises additional considerations such as whether waste should be recycled or whether it is safe for the public to handle wastes. Therefore, where these hazards are likely to occur, indicators such as those described in the previous section would further enhance the ability to plan for these extreme volcanic events.
Research on traversability of tracked vehicle on slope with unfixed obstacles: derivation of climbing-over, tipping-over, and sliding-down conditions
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2019
Ryosuke Yajima, Keiji Nagatani, Yasuhisa Hirata
Japan has 111 active volcanoes, or approximately 7% of all active volcanoes in the world. When active volcanoes erupt, various phenomena occur, leading to disasters such as cinder or ash fall, pyroclastic flow, lava flow, debris flow, the collapse of volcanic edifices, and volcanic gas. Damages caused by these disasters are also various and include direct damage by pyroclastic flow for a short time and economic damage that affects traffic and agriculture for a long time. Japan has suffered such damage in the past. For example, since the Heisei period, Mt. Unzen erupted in 1991 and 47 people were left dead or missing by the pyroclastic flow [1]. In 2014, Mt. Ontake erupted and 60 people were left dead or missing by cinder, etc. [2]. Such volcanic phenomena will be difficult to avoid in the future; therefore, actions toward disaster prevention or mitigation are essential.