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Petroleum Migration and Accumulation
Published in Muhammad Abdul Quddus, Petroleum Science and Technology, 2021
The process of migration and accumulation of underground fluid involves a stationery solid mass and migrating fluid. Source rock, carrier bed, reservoir rock and trap rocks are stationary solid masses. Fine- grained shale/clay source rock of very low porosity and permeability is able to retain the organic matter over long periods of geological time for proper maturation and conversion. Sandstone or limestone reservoir rock has enough porosity and void space to accumulate large quantities of oil/gas. Carrier bed rock is of similar characteristics as reservoir rock but without the trap rock, so oil continues to flow. Trap rock is of very low permeability so that it can prevent the escape of fluid.. The primary migration starts from the center of the source rock. Fluid expulsion from narrow pore source rock to wider pore carrier bed takes place mainly through pressure compression in primary migration. Molecular size, pore diameter, sediment type, temperature, pressure, tectonic, type of sediment, fluid phase, fluid solution, dispersion, suspension, emulsion, micelle and geological structural features, such as faults, fractures, joints and unconformities are the main contributory factor for primary migration. The water plays an important role in migration.
Laboratory shear bond test for chip-seal under varying environmental and material conditions
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2021
Lingyun You, Dongzhao Jin, Zhanping You, Qingli Dai, Xinfeng Xie, Sarah Washko, Samantha Cepeda
The chip-seal makes up for one layer of asphalt binder that is covered by one-stone thick embedded aggregate with its primary objective being to seal the fine cracks in the underlying surface of asphalt pavement, and to prevent water insertion into the base layer and subgrade of the pavement (Gransberg et al.2005). The asphalt is usually an asphalt-emulsion. The cover aggregate can be either crashed or crushed with natural aggregates, in order to ensure the skid-resistance to the pavement surface. The function of aggregate is to develop a macrotexture and to prevent the asphalt layer from damage that results in a skid-resistant surface under vehicle loads. The cover aggregate used in the chip-seal should be dust-free, clean, hard, and uniform to provide a stable and durable chip-seal surface on the asphalt pavement (Wood et al.2006). Four kinds of aggregate were used in this study; Red-Rock FA-2.5, Granite FA-2.5, Granite FA-2.0, and Trap-Rock 1/8-inch minus (referred to as Trap-Rock in this study).