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Outline of the stratigraphy of the Melbourne region
Published in W. A. Peck, J.L. Neilson, R.J. Olds, K.D. Seddon, Engineering Geology of Melbourne, 2018
The dominantly terrigenous sediments are quartz rich and can be considered in terms of the following facies (VandenBerg, 1988) : Sandstone, conglomerate, pebbly mudstone, sand-mud, mud-sand, siltstone, shale and limestone. The facies have been interpreted in terms of a turbidite fan model. Major deformation of the Siluro - Devonian sequences occurred during the Middle Devonian Tabberabberan Orogeny with the formation in the Melbourne Region of long, arcuate open folds of variable spacing generally with an absence of cleavage (Gray, 1988). The sequences were subsequently intruded and metamorphosed by Late Devonian granitic magmas and overlain by their associated silicic volcanics. The metamorphic aureoles can result in the significant development of hornfels, quartz - rich hornfels and quartzites, important for crushed rock production (McHaffie, 1988).
Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks
Published in Dexter Perkins, Kevin R. Henke, Adam C. Simon, Lance D. Yarbrough, Earth Materials, 2019
Dexter Perkins, Kevin R. Henke, Adam C. Simon, Lance D. Yarbrough
Overall, marine sediments account for roughly 90% of all sediments deposited on Earth. These sediments are highly variable, but they usually retain characteristics that provide clues to their origins. For example, terrigenous sediments contain minerals and rock fragments derived from erosion of mountainous regions, sediments associated with reefs commonly contain carbonate minerals and fossils, and sediment derived from volcanic terranes contains glass and volcanic rock fragments.
Acoustical Oceanography
Published in Paul C. Etter, Underwater Acoustic Modeling and Simulation, 2017
Terrigenous sediments are derived from land and are particularly prominent near the mouths of large rivers. These sediments are generally classified as silt, sand, and mud. Pelagic sediments are derived from either organic or inorganic sources. Organic pelagic sediments comprise the remains of dead organisms and are further classified as either calcareous or siliceous oozes. Inorganic pelagic sediments are derived from materials suspended in the atmosphere and are generally classified as clay.
Experimental and Numerical Study on Dynamic Response of Underground Structure in Coral Sand Under Earthquakes
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2023
Qi Wu, Xuanming Ding, Yanling Zhang, Yiwen Xin
Generally, terrigenous sands are composed of minerals and tiny rock fragments, which are mainly formed by erosion and weathering. The most common component of the terrigenous sand is silica in inland (e.g. desert) and non-tropical coastal (e.g. sandy) environments. Typically, silicon exists in the form of quartzite. There are also other components of sand, such as feldspar sandstone, which is a type of sand with a high content of aluminum silicate, usually formed by the weathering and erosion of nearby granite. Different from common terrigenous sand, coral sand is a special marine sand distributed near the equator and formed by the long-term handling and stacking action of marine life skeletons (Rajesh and Choudhury 2016; Xiao et al. 2018). The main component of the coral sand is calcium carbonate, and the content of which can reach more than 90%. Therefore, the coral sand particles are porous, irregular in shape, and prone to particle breakage under larger loads (Lv, Wang, and Zuo 2019; Wang et al. 2011). With the development of engineering construction, coral sand foundations are often encountered in engineering construction on the coastline of Mexico, the north coast of Australia, and the south coast of Egypt (Ding et al. 2021; Xiao et al. 2018).
Shear strength variability analysis for design of on-bottom pipelines in deep water Gulf of Mexico
Published in Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 2020
Changes in sediment type and water content are attributed to the variability of the sedimentary processes in both space and time. A study of geotechnical properties of recent marine sedimentary cover in Western Greece showed clustering of properties based on certain burial depth intervals implying that sediments extend laterally in the area studied (Ferentinou, Hasiotis, and Sakellariou 2012). Deep sea sediments can be classified as either terrigenous or biogenic in origin. Terrigenous sediments are sediments derived from land and transported by various means to the oceans. Biogenic sediments are those sediments formed from the hard remains of marine organisms. Oozes are defined as sediments which contain at least 30% skeletal remains of pelagic (deep-sea) microscopic floating organisms and are basically deposits of soft mud on the deep sea ocean floor (as can be seen in Figure 1). By far, the most common deep-sea biogenic sediments are carbonate and siliceous oozes (Brandes, 2011). The engineering properties of these sediments have not been studied as extensively as those of onshore sediments.