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Inanimate Debris Generated by Aircraft Ground Operation
Published in Ahmed F. El-Sayed, Foreign Object Debris and Damage in Aviation, 2022
They include mud, ash, sand, or oil. MudIt is a wet, sticky, and soft earth material which measurable depth will be reported.AshIt is a grayish white to black solid particles ejected by a volcanic eruption.SandIt is a sedimentary material, finer than a granule and coarser than a silt.OilIt is a viscous fluid derived from petroleum or synthetic material used as fuel or lubricant.Multiple contaminants
Petroleum Geological Survey
Published in Muhammad Abdul Quddus, Petroleum Science and Technology, 2021
Clay minerals are secondary silicates. Clay minerals are formed from other silicates, by the action of air, water and carbonic acid. Clay silicate minerals undergo hydrolysis, in the presence of water, to produce aluminum hydroxide and silicic acid. Both aluminum hydroxide and silicic acid are reactive and produce other types of silicates. Most of the clays are hydrated minerals. The grain size of clay is very small (<0.004 mm). Clay can form gels and colloidal solutions. There are many forms of clay minerals, depending on the chemical formula and their structure. Important clay minerals that make up the sediments are kaolinite, chlorite, illite and montmorillonite. All these clay minerals are soft, white with slight tinge and with layered structures. Mud is a mixture of clays and other silt-sized minerals, namely quartz and calcite.Shale minerals are formed from the compaction of mud. The shale mineral is fissile, soft and laminated clay.Mudstone is hard. Mudstone and shale are the tertiary products of clay; they are stable in atmospheric conditions.
Sedimentary Petrology
Published in Supriya Sengupta, Introduction to Sedimentology, 2017
Lutaceous sedimentary rocks are composed mainly of grains smaller than sand size. Sediments finer than sand but coarser than clay are classified as silt. Silt and clay together constitute mud. Indurated silt is called siltstone. Indurated, non-laminated mud forms mudstone. When mudstone is laminated and fissile, the rock is designated as shale. About 1/3rd to 2/3rd of such rocks are composed of clay-size particles, the rest being silt (Table 4.5). The fissility of shales is attributed to parallel arrangement of the constituent flaky minerals. Black shales, rich in organic matter, are particularly fissile while calcareous shales have no fissility at all.
Earth-Based Building Materials. The First Use of Clay Mortars and Adobes in Antiquity in Cyprus
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2022
A wide use of earth-based materials in the prehistoric period is observed in the wider area of the Eastern Mediterranean, the Aegean, Cyprus (Philokyprou 1998b; Thomas 1995; Wright 1992) and the Orient, the latter of which includes Syro-Palestine, Anatolia, India and China (Houben and Guillaud 1994). According to some researchers, mud was first used as mortar and plaster, and as a filling material in timber structures — also known as wattle and daub (Bicakci 2003; Sauvage 2009). According to Sauvage (Sauvage 2009) and De Chazelles (De Chazelles 2010), later on during the Neolithic period, these primitive structures were replaced by new methods such as cob and hand-made adobes. According to De Chazelles (De Chazelles 2010, 2009), the adoption of a building technique in a particular area often required favourable natural conditions — including suitable soil, adapted water supply and climate conditions — but also depended on cultural and social acceptability.
Yield strength determination from slump test
Published in Ribagua, 2021
Rodrigo Mosquera, Francisco Pedocchi
There is a variety of materials that may manifest a solid or a fluid behavior depending on the forces they are exposed to. Sediments mixtures containing significant proportions of clay and silt, often called mud, present this behavior. A mud sample could retain its shape if subjected to shear stresses below a certain threshold, called yield strength. However, if the same sample is subjected to shear stresses above the yield strength, it will flow. During a slump test a mud sample previously placed into a bottomless container is quickly released. If the shear stresses introduced by the sample own weight exceed the material yield strength the sample will flow until the weight action is balanced by the shear forces acting inside the material and stresses acting on its boundaries. This process will leave a slump deposit with a particular shape, as shown on Figure 1, which results from the internal stress distribution inside the material at the instant just before the material stopped flowing.
Application of the SBAS-DInSAR technique for deformation monitoring in Tunis City and Mornag plain
Published in Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 2020
Anis Chaabani, Benoit Deffontaines
The first geotechnical map in Tunis City was prepared by Guilloux and Nakkouri (1976) (Figure 10). This study made possible to evaluate and characterize the plain of study area, by showing that it is constituted by quaternary alluvial deposits. Indeed, these sediments are formed of mud, clay and sand. According to this work, these alluviums are considered as compressive soil (Guilloux and Nakkouri 1976). The geotechnical map shows the subdivision of Tunis City into three zones based on the properties of the lithological formations, the geological profiles and the geotechnical characteristics. According to the interferometric results, the areas affected by subsidence in Tunis plain (south and north-east of Sebkhet Essijoumi and the western part of Tunis Lake) coincide with the red zone whose the substratum is characterized by a mediocre geotechnical properties (Figure 10).