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Exploration and categorization of evaporite deposits
Published in M.L. Jeremic, Rock Mechanics in Salt Mining, 2020
The composition stratigraphy of Malagawatch salt-bearing strata is illustrated in Figure 6.2.5. There are at least three separate potash zones in the lower Windsor group, the lowermost one having the highest grade and thickness, but only where it is structurally thickened are economic grade and and thickness attained. The middle and upper zones are uneconomic, being too thin and of low grade. No drill core recorded all three zones. All potash zones are mineralogically simple, consisting of sylvinite, a mixture of sylvite and halite with traces of carnallite. The basal Windsor carbonate and the basal Windsor anhydrite were not penetrated by drilling but are inferred from stratigraphic correlation with other areas in Nova Scotia (Figure 6.2.6). There is an opinion that the lower Windsor group might be at least 2000 m thick.6
Mine experimental researches on the determination of the zone of an efficient cracks radius in carnallite-galite rocks of the Gremyachinsk deposit
Published in Vladimir Litvinenko, Topical Issues of Rational Use of Natural Resources 2019, 2019
E.A. Nesterov, R.R. Sharafutdinov
Within the field, one productive sylvinite stratum is distinguished, which is confined to the tops of the Pogozhsky and rhythm patch. In general, the reservoir sinks from the southwest to the northeast of the field, the absolute elevations of the roof of the industrial sylvinite formation vary from minus 981.3 m to minus 1191.3 m. The thickness of the productive sylvinite reservoir varies from 2.48 m (well 22) to 21.46 m (well 15). Most of the license area is 6-10 m. The layer of carnallite-halite rocks lies below the productive sylvinite reservoir. As known, carnallite rocks are among the most dangerous in terms of gas-dynamic phenomena.
Application of numerical optimization search techniques in field tests to the determination of creep parameters of salt rocks
Published in N.D. Cristescu, H.R. Hardy, R.O. Simionescu, Basic and Applied Salt Mechanics, 2020
The above described analytical procedure was applied to the seven saline horizontal layers (halite, carnallite, sylvinite and rock-salt) of the Saline Formation (Catalonia Potash Basin) existing in an underground mine operated by IBERPOTASH (Dead Sea Works Ltd.) and sited in the township of Salient, Barcelona, Spain.
Temperature and climate-induced fluctuations in froth flotation: an overview of different ore types
Published in Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2023
Dzmitry Pashkevich, Ronghao Li, Kristian Waters
Unlike most other ore types, sylvite flotation generally degrades at elevated temperatures. The first reason is an increased adsorption of the amine collector to slime particles [200]. Seasonal summer drops in potash flotation recovery from Solikamsk ores (JSC ‘Sylvinite’ plant) in Russia were reported when the pulp temperature reached 35–37°C [201]. Lower sylvite recoveries were also reported at JSC ‘Belaruskali’ in Belarus during the summer months with the temperature reaching 36–39°С. Lower recoveries were explained by increased adsorption of amine collector on NaCl and clay minerals [202]. Aliferova, who investigated sylvinite flotation of JSC ‘Sylvinite’ (Russia), reported weak amine adsorption on coarse sylvite particles, revealed through higher losses of the coarse fraction in summer (pulp temperatures between 32°С and 37°С) compared to the flotation performance in winter (pulp temperature between 20°С and 25°С) [201]. So, for larger particles amines with longer hydrocarbon chains should be used, which is realised through collector mixtures [200]. Aliferova noted out that amine collector mixtures possess 2–3 times lower viscosity compared to individual collectors [201]. By increasing the temperature above 25°C, it has been reported that the solubility of shorter chain amines increases, disturbing the mixture balance and decreasing sylvite recovery [200]. Consequently, longer chain amines are generally used in summer (recommended above 32°C), while shorter chain amines are preferred in winter (recommended below 15°C) [203].
Lithium Recovery from Brines with Novel λ-MnO2 Adsorbent Synthesized by Hydrometallurgical Method
Published in Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2021
Kazuharu Yoshizuka, Syouhei Nishihama, Masatoshi Takano, Satoshi Asano
Three important points are at the core of any attempt of Li recovery from continental brines. Firstly, Li+ is very diluted in brines: 1.5% in the best scenario, going down until 0.3–0.5%. Secondly, Li+ is dissolved with much larger amounts of other cations, notable 8–13% Na+.[5] Thus, most attempts to directly precipitate Li+ salts from brine will also precipitate large amounts of Na+ and K+ salts. The currently applied industrial methodology for Li recovery from brines is known as the evaporitic technology. Briefly, it involves the concentration of native brines by evaporation for 12–24 months in large and shallow open-air evaporation ponds. Wind and solar evaporation are the easiest and most cost-effective technology. In the ponds, the brine gets concentrated, and a large share of NaCl, KCl, and MgCl2 precipitates as halite (NaCl), sylvinite (NaCl･KCl), and carnallite (KCl･MgCl2), respectively. When Li+ reaches a concentration of ca. 60 g/L, recovery of Li2CO3 is effected by carbonation with Na2CO3.[3,5,7] Further processing to reach battery-grade Li2CO3 involves the removal of Mg2+, Ca2+, and boron compounds. From an economic perspective, the technology is relatively inefficient, requiring over a year for brine concentration in the ponds.[3,5]
Review of Lithium Production and Recovery from Minerals, Brines, and Lithium-Ion Batteries
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2021
Fei Meng, James McNeice, Shirin S. Zadeh, Ahmad Ghahreman
Due to the differing chemistry in different salt brines around the world, the specifics of a process may differ in each individual lithium plant (Choubey et al. 2017; King, Kelley and Abbey 2012; Rodinia Lithium, Inc. 2011; Simbol Materials 2014; Worleyparsons 2019). However, the objective is always the same and the path is usually similar and is referred to as the lime soda evaporation process. The brine is placed in shallow ponds and water is evaporated naturally for approximately 1 to 2 years. It is then pumped to the next pond after thresholds of precipitation are met. The order of precipitation is normally halite (NaCl), sylvite (KCl), sylvinite (KCl.NaCl), magnesium salts, and other alkali salts that are present in small amounts (Tran and Luong 2015). As water evaporates and salts precipitate, the lithium concentration in the brine rises. Once the lithium concentration reaches 6%, remaining magnesium, calcium, and boron are removed from the solution. Magnesium is crystallized as solid magnesium hydroxide by lime addition (Cheminfo Services Inc. 2012) as shown in reaction 7: