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Estimation of Surface Runoff from Storm Water
Published in G.L. Sivakumar Babu, Prithvi S. Kandhal, Nivedya Mandankara Kottayi, Rajib Basu Mallick, Amirthalingam Veeraragavan, Pavement Drainage, 2019
G.L. Sivakumar Babu, Prithvi S. Kandhal, Nivedya Mandankara Kottayi, Rajib Basu Mallick, Amirthalingam Veeraragavan
Surface runoff or overland flow happens when the rainfall rate exceeds the infiltration rate. Subsurface flow occurs when the infiltrated rainfall encounters a layer of lower hydraulic conductivity and travels laterally over the boundary of that layer, reappearing as seep or spring. Channel runoff refers to that which occurs when rain falls on a flowing stream.
Wastewater Treatment Using Biochar-Amended Constructed Wetland Systems
Published in Ram Naresh Bharagava, Sandhya Mishra, Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale, Rijuta Ganesh Saratale, Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira, Bioremediation, 2022
Based on the pattern of flow of water, CWs have been categorized into two basic types: (i) surface flow (SF) and (ii) subsurface flow (SSF). However, several modifications are possible by merging two or more types of wetlands.
The importance of groundwater to the upper Columbia River floodplain wetlands
Published in Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques, 2023
Casey R. Remmer, Rebecca Rooney, Suzanne Bayley, Catriona Leven
The dominant sources of water in mountain environments are from high precipitation, snowmelt and glaciers (Messerli, Viviroli, and Weingartner 2004; Cooper, Chimner, and Merritt 2012). Most research on mountain hydrology has been on snowpack and glaciers while groundwater was considered a less important source of water. The importance of groundwater as a source of water in mountain environments, contributing to stream flow and alluvial and lowland aquifers is increasingly being acknowledged (Somers and McKenzie 2020). Subsurface flow of groundwater from mountain environments to lowland aquifers is known to be very important, but difficult to quantify (Markovich et al. 2019). Groundwater discharge is highly variable spatially and seasonally and vulnerable to climate change but critically important to montane rivers and wetlands (Huntington and Niswonger 2012; Cooper, Chimner, and Merritt 2012).
Critical review of ARGs reduction behavior in various sludge and sewage treatment processes in wastewater treatment plants
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2019
Gang Xue, Mingji Jiang, Hong Chen, Min Sun, Yunfan Liu, Xiang Li, Pin Gao
In addition, over past few years, man-made wetlands have been designed and they are known as attractive municipal and industrial wastewater treatment approaches because of their simplicity, cost efficiency. It was observed that a full-scale constructed wetlands system offered alternate aerobic and anaerobic environments and this system generated outstanding removal for several ARGs (sulI, sulII and intI1) with reduction efficiencies over 90% (Yi, Tran, Yin, He, & Gin, 2017). The reductions of 1-3 orders of magnitude in ARGs were obtained in constructed wetlands (Chen & Zhang, 2013). Fang et al. (2017) suggested that constructed wetland attained 77.8 and 59.5% removal rates of total 14 targeted ARGs in the integrated surface flow constructed wetlands in the winter and summer season, respectively. Characteristics of constructed wetland can affect ARB and ARGs removal efficiency. These characteristics include flow configuration, plant species and flow types such as surface flow, horizontal subsurface flow and vertical subsurface flow (Chen et al., 2016). Further investigations find that biodegradation, substrate adsorption and plant uptake all play a certain role in decreasing ARGs in the constructed wetlands, however, biodegradation is the most vital process (Chen et al., 2016).
High-load domestic wastewater treatment using a combined anaerobic-aerobic bio-filter with coal cinder as medium
Published in Environmental Technology, 2018
Yaoxing Liu, Yuxin Lei, Yin Xi, Zaiyi Liao, Xia Zhang
Thus far, a number of treatment methods, such as constructed wetlands [4–7], soil infiltration [8], vermifiltration [9,10], and biological filters (BFs) [11], have been studied for treatment of domestic wastewater in rural areas. Of these methods, the most widely used is constructed wetlands, including those with subsurface flow, surface flow, and vertical flow. However, these methods are not suitable in the TGR area because of its hilly terrain, which limits the amount of land suitable for building wetlands. Moreover, there are many small populations dispersed within the TGR area. Rural residents there have traditional habits of raising two to five pigs in their courtyards, and the domestic wastewater produced is characterized by large fluctuations in its quality and quantity. The concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH3-N, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and turbidity are many times higher than those of water in which no pigs are raised. Therefore, the traditional biotechnology methods mentioned above are not suitable for treating the domestic wastewater of the TGR area. Thus, it is necessary to develop a feasible method for that purpose. Considering the economic conditions, the level of management skill of local residents, and corresponding environmental laws and criteria, the developed method should be low-cost, easily managed, and highly efficient.